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gatherings which dealt with schismatic issues. The main ones were 325 at Nicea, 381 atConstantinople, 431 at Ephesus and 451 at Chalcedon (Schaff 2006). The Roman CatholicChurch drew from the tradition of empire a kind of primacy which received two majorhistorical challenges, from the schism with Orthodoxy in the eleventh century, and thesecession of Western Protestants in the sixteenth century, as well as numerous minorschisms.It is clear that cultural difference shapes the codification of the Christian religion; there hasnever been one blueprint ecclesiology that regulates all church practice. Rather, there hasalways been the interaction of theology and culture. Interpretation and hermeneuticalreflection always happen within a historic and social context, and this will shape doctrineand praxis, giving what Rosemary Radford Reuther (1983) calls a „hermeneutical cycle.‟The experience and interpretation of the congregations under study here have their roots inhistoric Protestantism, especially in its dissident, non-state versions, and both churcheshave a similar history of having a background in other faith groups.Jones (2002) describe the reformation of the Catholic Church and the introduction of theprotestant churches, as the early creation of post Reformation English culture, when ininstitutions such as education, people found themselves thinking and behaving a differentway from the pre Reformation culture. The URC was formed as a result of theamalgamation of the English, Welsh and Scottish Congregationalists, English Presbyterianand the Church of Christ although there were congregations from other denominations,which became part of the united body of Churches. The amalgamation occurred in 1972after many years of informal discussion amongst the ministers of the different churchesabout the intentions of the early church that everyone should be united and come under one103
umbrella of churches. The leaders continued to express a deep commitment to the visibleunity of the whole church in subsequent unions in 1981 with the Reformed Churches ofChrist and in 2000 with the Congregational Union of Scotland. Talks have continued withother traditions and have united with other denominations in more than 400 locations.(Cormick 1998). Cormick also claim that it is hard to write the history of a church that hasonly been in existence for sixteen years and make a few claims questioning the originalityof the history of the URC as he has had to consider the three denominations that merged toform the United Church.The 1960s had been a period of idealistic striving towards Christian unity, seen as moreimportant than historic theological differences. Individual congregations from a number ofother denominations such as the Baptists, Methodists and the Church of England alsoparticipated in forming joint congregations at local level, and many people hoped that theformation of the URC would encourage a progressive organisational uniting (or re-uniting)of the fractured body of Christ. There were, however, those on both sides who saw theformation of the URC as a surrender of principle.It is impossible to understand the URC, without realising that the majority of itscongregation were previously members of the Congregational Union, which dissolveditself into the new URC in 1972. This body had been founded in 1831, drawing togethervarious connexions of independent federations of autonomous congregations which hadbeen started after the ejection of around 2000 Anglican incumbents who would not agree tothe re-imposition of Episcopal authority in 1662. As its name indicates, one of its mainprinciples was congregational self-government. Each congregation determined its ownrules and membership, joined the Union voluntarily, and could secede (or in extreme cases,104
Page 1:
Greenwich Academic Literature Archi
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AcknowledgementsI extend much grati
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Chapter 3: Methodology 633.1 Introd
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7.3 Prayer as Health Seeking Behavi
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CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT
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healing, bricolage and the use of s
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To remedy these gaps in the discour
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do with me‟ so she sent me to sch
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Interestingly, after 30 years of pr
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listening to a group of people that
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that I felt within the Black majori
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Chapter 3 describes the methodology
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espondents‟ perception of sufferi
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CHAPTER TWOLITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Int
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themes, it became necessary to revi
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suggests a combined approach where
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and healing as a kind of self-impro
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eports that the English believed th
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According to Davey et al (2002) ill
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deviant behaviour. The difference b
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church concretised the ideas of rel
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theology. It is no accident that th
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concept of culture we inevitably do
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When we look at the effect of cultu
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to help us to understand the totali
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information about the association a
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when emotional wounds are healed or
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climatic conditions, shelter and a
Page 61 and 62: cancers has been documented by Phil
Page 63 and 64: concepts of reality and destiny are
Page 65 and 66: healer intentionally through a proc
Page 67 and 68: attachments that meet humans' funda
Page 69 and 70: distinguish from mental disorders.
Page 71 and 72: take a phenomenological and ethnogr
Page 73 and 74: coming but her method is not primar
Page 75 and 76: from posters on the church notice b
Page 77 and 78: Healing services in both churches f
Page 79 and 80: Qualitative method can, however, be
Page 81 and 82: 3.5 Problems of participant and non
Page 83 and 84: difficulties that were to be presen
Page 85 and 86: isolating experience was certainly
Page 87 and 88: not necessarily addressed through t
Page 89 and 90: It may not be possible for all the
Page 91 and 92: signed to their awareness and appro
Page 93 and 94: Consequently the practice relating
Page 95 and 96: problem free. Ethnography requires
Page 97 and 98: ecommended by the Pastor. When they
Page 99 and 100: The greater proportion of females i
Page 101 and 102: difficulties involved in constructi
Page 103 and 104: musical Pentecostal style of worshi
Page 105 and 106: The different emphases in soteriolo
Page 107 and 108: literature may remain in its infanc
Page 109 and 110: does not mean „Pentecostal‟ nor
Page 111: church, the cultural differences we
Page 115 and 116: local autonomy, the majority of Con
Page 117 and 118: The post-1905 Pentecostals saw thei
Page 119 and 120: the Holy Ghost). Interestingly the
Page 121 and 122: the churches they are busy breaking
Page 123 and 124: friends started to meet in the home
Page 125 and 126: such as COGIC, have developed a str
Page 127 and 128: the church group to strangers. In t
Page 129 and 130: and illustrate the oral tradition o
Page 131 and 132: 4.8.1. Description of the inside of
Page 133 and 134: The order of service below is based
Page 135 and 136: forgiving note may signify partial
Page 137 and 138: Table 3 Organisational hierarchy of
Page 139 and 140: One of the original churches which
Page 141 and 142: communion table. To the right of th
Page 143 and 144: Minister used an acronym to illustr
Page 145 and 146: GloriaPrayer for grace or collectSc
Page 147 and 148: service whilst URC church attendees
Page 149 and 150: mainstream Christianity, their doct
Page 151 and 152: on the project and make requests to
Page 153 and 154: made to integrate the white people
Page 155 and 156: ‗Garlic is good for reducing high
Page 157 and 158: 4.13 ConclusionThis chapter began w
Page 159 and 160: organization. This role can only be
Page 161 and 162: 5.3 The Authority and Power of the
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to become approved (professional) m
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majority. In recent years with Brit
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leadership although it is about aut
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Azusa Street outpouring in 1906. Af
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other who wal sorderly, and not of
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Although the Holy Spirit was presen
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Respondent 3 covered topics includi
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Respondent 10 (below) has similar v
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of rejection by the host community
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ehaviour model. In this situation,
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and they feel. It is not everybody
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many sections of society. It also s
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people. These qualities, however, a
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came across as though he was presen
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very important for this.On occasion
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CHAPTER SIXSUFFERING AND HEALING6.1
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mind body and spirit implies that i
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suffering. Most of these situations
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Respondent: Not for my sister she h
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man to repent and return to the cre
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clotting treatment. After the treat
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gift of miraculous powers go with t
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What I teach on this matter is, tha
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The bible does not condemn, forbid
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possibility of impending change in
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prayer or they are rested. What is
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„Whatever the educational attainm
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„The message of Job is a comfort
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he has questioned God‟s purposes
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pray for them. In the words of seve
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demonic forces. Explanations of spi
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In the observation example quoted a
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employed by the mother had she live
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healing. Worthington et al. (2007)
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in the account of a young mother in
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y not having a normal relationship
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and not related to any one cultural
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prayer to ma e me better‟, as tho
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Non-academic, or „popular‟ Chri
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when the healer petitions God in pr
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health and the ways in which hospit
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showing lethargy in praying, failin
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know when you have stomach ulcer yo
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ministers like Harris (2002) 3 . Th
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Healing services in the URC are mor
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Respondent: You have to have the gi
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psychological effect of knowing her
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Chapter 2, without taking some posi
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Prayer for distant healing takes pl
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Although prayers for healing are sa
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The healing services also include f
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The method and processes of closing
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7.7. ConclusionThis chapter has exa
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This chapter was born out of observ
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website (http://www.stonybrookmedic
Page 273 and 274:
For those who reject traditional Ch
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hands on the forehead of each perso
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The minister also invited the rest
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service closed with silence accompa
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In this respondent‟s‟ account,
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Below are brief parts of extracts p
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service was when the speaker came t
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observed believed the aura of the h
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Ministers/healers of these two cong
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constituent of worship even where t
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to herself, and argues that music h
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could not read or write. Such music
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linking the psychic/mythological an
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group coordination through rhythmo-
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People can become so involved in a
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visual and auditory areas which act
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Campbell (1998) argue that as music
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The extracts from fieldwork notes b
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In COGIC the singing is accompanied
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when I was ill. Then my mum died th
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The passage cited from Respondent 1
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CHAPTER TENCONCLUSION AND RECOMMEND
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etween health professionals and chu
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The initial aim of the study: „to
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part of worship services a priority
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health professionals and spiritual
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are culturally conditioned rational
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professionals. Despite the differen
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prominent amongst people who attend
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ReferencesAchterberg, J., (1985) Im
Page 333 and 334:
Bentham, J., (2001ff, originally 18
Page 335 and 336:
Department of Health, (1999) Saving
Page 337 and 338:
Hall, S., (1985) “Religious Ideol
Page 339 and 340:
Katz, J. J., (1990) Metaphysics of
Page 341 and 342:
http://emedicine.medscape.com/artic
Page 343 and 344:
Pullar, P., (1988) Spiritual and La
Page 345 and 346:
Comparative Perspective, Berg, Oxfo
Page 347 and 348:
International, London and New York.
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