An investigation into the phenomena and practices of spiritual ...

and healing as a kind of self-improvement process requiring continued nurturing through aprayer life and a constant reminder of the need to avoid substances that make people ill.Other health seeking behaviours are: taking steps to prevent illness such as the provision ofadequate nutrients for the body, appropriate clothing according to the climatic conditions,shelter and a work/play balance. This is not so far from practical nursing advice aboutactive participation in the activities of daily living (cf Roper, Tierney, and Logan 2000)that provides homeostatic balance. The journal Spirituality and Health contains manypapers making such explicit comparisons such as one by Linnett (2005) discussed inChapter 9. Walker (2004) sums up the arguments of „Blac scholarship that thememory of beating by the slave masters could still be a psychological/spiritual wound,which may not be in the consciousness of the present generation, although the socialconsequences of oppression may persist. Another unseen example of psychological pain isthe pain of grief and loss in bereavement.2.2.3 Health Promotion ModelsEwles and Simnett‟s (1999, 2003) model outlines the dominant approaches in BritishHealth Promotion as the medical, behaviour change, educational, client centred and socialchange approaches. This theory was not the first or the only one to seek to broaden healthconcepts. Illich (1976) placed the freedom and autonomy of the whole person at the heartof his model of health and argued that any help which encroaches on the autonomy of theperson is detrimental to health. Downie et al (1996) classified traditional, transitional andmodern foci while Bunton and McDonald (1993) identified the theory/practice gap in allthe approaches.27