Changing public space

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After this intermezzo, the next three chapters focus on the redevelopment of the research objects in the case-study cities. The chapters evolve from a macro level (the cases) to a meso (the research objects) and micro level (the involved actors). First, the urban policy and spatial structure of the four cases are described in Chapter 6, where the eight redeveloped public spaces are also introduced. Chapter 7 elaborates on these research objects and considers to what extent they can be categorised as secured or themed public space. Finally, Chapter 8 places the actors centre stage by discussing their roles and motives and how their involvement has affected the design and management of the redeveloped public spaces. 98
6 Urban policy and spatial structure of the cases One of our objectives of the city centre policy is to maintain the number of visitors at the current level or even increase the number somewhat. And for that you also need a beautiful and good public space. Interview public-sector representative (2006) 6.1 Introduction The previous chapter has outlined the selection of eight public spaces (named ‘research objects’) in four Dutch city centres (the ‘cases’), in which the empirical research has been carried out. We continue by investigating the urban policy and spatial structure of Rotterdam, Dordrecht, Enschede, and ’s-Hertogenbosch. Policy objectives can lead to the redevelopment of public space, as indicated by an interviewed public-sector representative in the quote above. We enquired which municipal policies have been implemented in the four cities regarding public space. Differences and similarities in urban policy are summarised and explained in Section 6.6 by using the theoretical framework of the entrepreneurial city (Chapter 4). Besides policy, the spatial structure of the city is also important in researching the redevelopment of a particular public space. The presence and characteristics of other nearby public spaces can influence the research objects. If a nearby public space is upgraded, this might affect another part of the city. Similarly, if the need for sidewalk cafés is met on one square, terraces might not be present elsewhere. The city is a coherent entity and the investigation of the eight public spaces is thus impossible without knowledge on the spatial structure of the city centre as a whole. In addition to the description of the urban policy and spatial structure of the cases, the eight research objects are described in more detail in terms of their past and present design and management. As such, this chapter amplifies the theoretical basis provided in Chapter 2 and 3 with empirical findings to extend the answer on the first en second research question: when focussing on the research objects, how have the design and management of Dutch city squares evolved through history, what are the current trends in the design and management of Dutch public space, and which dynamics have induced these trends? Rotterdam is the first city presented in this chapter. With the redevelopment of public spaces such as the Beurstraverse (1996) and the Schouwburgplein (1997), the city was one of the first in the Netherlands to acknowledge the importance of redeveloping public space for the identity of the city. What is more, Rotterdam was a pioneer in involving the private sector in these processes of redevelopment. Unique to the city is that the local government does not merely co-operate with the private sector but also actively participates in redevelopment projects as a private actor. The Beurstraverse (Section 6.2.3) is an example of far-reaching co-operation between the local government and private parties such as the investor ING Bank. Therefore, Rotterdam qualifies 99
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Changing public space The recent re
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Changing public space
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Netherlands Geographical Studies 37
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Contents Figures 9 Tables 11 Voorwo
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7 Fear and fantasy in the cases 147
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Figures 1.1 Outline of the thesis 2
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Tables 2.1 Development of European
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Voorwoord Al reizend ervaart men he
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1 Changing role of public space in
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23 per cent of the geographical pub
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Mentzel (1993: 104):* the place whe
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home country but also evaluate publ
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1. How have the design and manageme
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and agency as complementary forces
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of public space, it could also make
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2 Development and typology of Dutch
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periods, the table illustrates the
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Figure 2.1 The Vismarkt (fish marke
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1985 on behest of the communist lea
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Figure 2.2 Neude in Utrecht in 1989
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(Prak, 2002; Meyer et al., 2006). B
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ecause its situation has altered th
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connection can also be less clear-c
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can also explain why certain square
Page 49 and 50: 3 Current trends in the design and
Page 51 and 52: Figure 3.1 Sign of CCTV in Barcelon
Page 53 and 54: easy access (Lofland, 1998). This c
Page 55 and 56: how entertainment has gone through
Page 57 and 58: Figure 3.2 The Beestenmarkt in Delf
Page 59 and 60: Dynamics in production structures
Page 61 and 62: surveillance cameras, their operato
Page 63 and 64: at redeveloped derelict sites that
Page 65 and 66: 4 Private-sector involvement in the
Page 67 and 68: urban policy in the 1980s after an
Page 69 and 70: (1989) defines as the transformatio
Page 71 and 72: 3. A shift from public sector to pr
Page 73 and 74: through a blend of architectural de
Page 75 and 76: 4.3.1 Role and objectives of local
Page 77 and 78: uildings and to emphasise that they
Page 79 and 80: increase in the number of rules or
Page 81 and 82: for the dispossessed, which Mitchel
Page 83 and 84: process (i.e., longer duration, mor
Page 85 and 86: 5 Research design and methodology I
Page 87 and 88: Figure 5.1 Cultural square: Museump
Page 89 and 90: (Slager, 2007). There are also hybr
Page 91 and 92: 5.2.2 Inventory of Dutch city squar
Page 93 and 94: Table 5.3 Research objects in the n
Page 95 and 96: Appendix C consists of an interview
Page 97 and 98: concepts have been specified in six
Page 99: Figure 5.7 Permanent stage on the G
Page 103 and 104: document to stimulate the diversifi
Page 105 and 106: six museums in the area, which were
Page 107 and 108: emphasises the need for well-connec
Page 109 and 110: Figure 6.2 Schouwburgplein Central
Page 111 and 112: Table 6.3 Timeline of developments
Page 113 and 114: Figure 6.4 Beurstraverse Bijenkorf
Page 115 and 116: Table 6.4 Policies and changes in p
Page 117 and 118: The Spuiboulevard was the first pro
Page 119 and 120: Table 6.5 Timeline of developments
Page 121 and 122: is unclear when the real redevelopm
Page 123 and 124: Figure 6.9 Statenplein Scheffersple
Page 125 and 126: success to a strong project leader,
Page 127 and 128: 6.4.1 Policy and structure in Ensch
Page 129 and 130: Figure 6.12 Oude Markt 7021 Stadsgr
Page 131 and 132: the market. However, the market ass
Page 133 and 134: etail stores. The Van Heekplein thu
Page 135 and 136: After all actors were involved and
Page 137 and 138: government realised it needed to pr
Page 139 and 140: compared to 36 per cent in 2000. Th
Page 141 and 142: this therefore also includes the Pe
Page 143 and 144: Figure 6.19 Loeffplein Bloemenkamp
Page 145 and 146: Loeffplein and the Stoa (Figure 6.1
Page 147 and 148: problems). In addition, it appointe
Page 149 and 150: 7 Fear and fantasy in the cases 7.1
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cafés. The members of the consorti
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esidential square located outside t
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also perceive it that way; they eva
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comprised of many stores with a ‘
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actors involved in the cases in mor
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confirms the work of several author
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8 Private-sector involvement in the
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8.2.1 Role and objectives of the lo
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Discussions during the focus group
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and investors hardly contribute to
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the architects responsible for the
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2) a decrease in the free access of
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There is also a compulsive pressure
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they argued that property owners ar
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They were all refuted until V&D and
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In addition to a longer duration, p
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In a similar vein, one informant em
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9 Conclusions, reflections, and imp
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were laid out in the 1950s as parts
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‘supply side’. This includes th
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Van Heekplein (i.e., Foruminvest, H
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edevelopment of the PPP squares was
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more restricted due to private-sect
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Glossary Chief Government Architect
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Appendix A Interviews and focus gro
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Table A.5 Case-study interviews on
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(1) (2) (3) City a Population b Nam
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2. Object: changes in the design an
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Capacities: Role of investor Respon
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Table E.2 Main Dutch investors invo
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Samenvatting Veranderende openbare
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Beurstraverse. Het Van Heekplein in
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in hun eigendom, maar ook in de rui
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uimte leiden. Tenslotte kunnen de b
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References Aarts, M., ed. (1995), E
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Burgers, J. (2003), De historische
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Gemeente Enschede (1999), H.J. van
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Ibelings, H. (2004), Geprivatiseerd
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Mitchell, D. (2001), Postmodern geo
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Rishbeth, C. & N. Finney (2006), No
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Van de Wiel, J. (1996), De winkelfu
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Curriculum vitae Rianne van Melik w
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NEDERLANDSE GEOGRAFISCHE STUDIES /
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