Changing public space

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was necessary in competition with other cities and new shopping centres at the city’s edge. By linking the shopping areas on the east and west side of the Coolsingel, a large, connected shopping area would come into existence, with a size unique for the region (dS+V et al., 1993). The municipality and Multi soon came to an agreement to co-operate in order to redevelop the Beursplein area. To avoid repetition of the Lijnbaan problems, the local government insisted on setting up a so-called public-private consortium that would own and operate the area after redevelopment. The consortium would include the main investors along with the local government itself. This way, the local government would remain responsible for the quality of the area in the long run. In addition, it reduced the risk that a private party would barter away this important part of the city centre: “Thus, the argument ran, the city would have to play an important and permanent role in this project; only then could the area’s envisioned contribution to the revitalization of the downtown commercial center be safeguarded …” (Bergenhenegouwen & Van Weesep, 2003: 81). An additional reason was that the entrance to the metro station was in the Beurstraverse. The local government wanted to make sure that the metro (a public good) would remain accessible for everybody. The consortium agreement was set up mid-1993 and included the local government and investor Nationale Nederlanden (now ING Bank). The participation of the local government is unique: no other Dutch municipality actually owns commercial retail property. Besides its usual responsibility to provide public goods, the government also acts as a private party, since it owns part of the shares. This dual role is also manifest in the municipality’s financial contribution to the daily supervision. The government pays for part of the daily operations, because the access to the metro station is located in the Beurstraverse. However, the local government also foots the bill for another share of the daily operations, simply because it is part owner of the retail complex. Besides financing, the following agreements were made (Gemeente Rotterdam, 1993): Profits and losses: these are shared in accordance with the financial contribution. The local government participates for 1/8 and the private parties for 7/8. Ownership: the Beurstraverse is owned by the consortium, but has to remain publicly accessible in accordance with the local ordinance. The metro station as well as Beursplein, Coolsingel and Van Oldenbarneveltsplaats remained municipal property. The local government has full authority in this area, but is not allowed to change its design without consent of the consortium. Rights: until completion it was prohibited for the consortium members to sell their shares to other private parties. After completion, this was only allowed with consent of all members. C&A’s pension fund Focas bought part of Nationale Nederlanden’s share immediately after completion and thus became the third consortium member. Management: the daily supervision is the responsibility of Nationale Nederlanden (now ING Bank), but is contracted out to management company Dynamis (now Actys). After the consortium was set up, the redevelopment of the Beursplein could start. T+T Design, an office closely connected to Multi, became responsible for the architectural concept and proposed the idea of a sunken underpass. Pi de Bruijn of the Architecten Cie was appointed to design the width and the shape of the street, the location, and shape of the steps and entrances. American architect Jon Jerde was selected to design the interior of the Beurstraverse. He gave it a Mediterranean flavour by using a fountain, marble, and warm-coloured materials (Figure 6.4). 110
Figure 6.4 Beurstraverse Bijenkorf Van Oldebarneveltsplaats Beurstraverse Beursplein Beurstraverse V&D Shops Sunken public space metro entrance C&A Kreymborg Hema Coolsingel H&M Figure 6.5 Map of the Beurstraverse 7092 111
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Changing public space The recent re
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Changing public space
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Netherlands Geographical Studies 37
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Contents Figures 9 Tables 11 Voorwo
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7 Fear and fantasy in the cases 147
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Figures 1.1 Outline of the thesis 2
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Tables 2.1 Development of European
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Voorwoord Al reizend ervaart men he
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1 Changing role of public space in
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23 per cent of the geographical pub
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Mentzel (1993: 104):* the place whe
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home country but also evaluate publ
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1. How have the design and manageme
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and agency as complementary forces
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of public space, it could also make
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2 Development and typology of Dutch
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periods, the table illustrates the
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Figure 2.1 The Vismarkt (fish marke
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1985 on behest of the communist lea
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Figure 2.2 Neude in Utrecht in 1989
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(Prak, 2002; Meyer et al., 2006). B
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ecause its situation has altered th
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connection can also be less clear-c
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can also explain why certain square
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3 Current trends in the design and
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Figure 3.1 Sign of CCTV in Barcelon
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easy access (Lofland, 1998). This c
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how entertainment has gone through
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Figure 3.2 The Beestenmarkt in Delf
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Dynamics in production structures
Page 61 and 62: surveillance cameras, their operato
Page 63 and 64: at redeveloped derelict sites that
Page 65 and 66: 4 Private-sector involvement in the
Page 67 and 68: urban policy in the 1980s after an
Page 69 and 70: (1989) defines as the transformatio
Page 71 and 72: 3. A shift from public sector to pr
Page 73 and 74: through a blend of architectural de
Page 75 and 76: 4.3.1 Role and objectives of local
Page 77 and 78: uildings and to emphasise that they
Page 79 and 80: increase in the number of rules or
Page 81 and 82: for the dispossessed, which Mitchel
Page 83 and 84: process (i.e., longer duration, mor
Page 85 and 86: 5 Research design and methodology I
Page 87 and 88: Figure 5.1 Cultural square: Museump
Page 89 and 90: (Slager, 2007). There are also hybr
Page 91 and 92: 5.2.2 Inventory of Dutch city squar
Page 93 and 94: Table 5.3 Research objects in the n
Page 95 and 96: Appendix C consists of an interview
Page 97 and 98: concepts have been specified in six
Page 99 and 100: Figure 5.7 Permanent stage on the G
Page 101 and 102: 6 Urban policy and spatial structur
Page 103 and 104: document to stimulate the diversifi
Page 105 and 106: six museums in the area, which were
Page 107 and 108: emphasises the need for well-connec
Page 109 and 110: Figure 6.2 Schouwburgplein Central
Page 111: Table 6.3 Timeline of developments
Page 115 and 116: Table 6.4 Policies and changes in p
Page 117 and 118: The Spuiboulevard was the first pro
Page 119 and 120: Table 6.5 Timeline of developments
Page 121 and 122: is unclear when the real redevelopm
Page 123 and 124: Figure 6.9 Statenplein Scheffersple
Page 125 and 126: success to a strong project leader,
Page 127 and 128: 6.4.1 Policy and structure in Ensch
Page 129 and 130: Figure 6.12 Oude Markt 7021 Stadsgr
Page 131 and 132: the market. However, the market ass
Page 133 and 134: etail stores. The Van Heekplein thu
Page 135 and 136: After all actors were involved and
Page 137 and 138: government realised it needed to pr
Page 139 and 140: compared to 36 per cent in 2000. Th
Page 141 and 142: this therefore also includes the Pe
Page 143 and 144: Figure 6.19 Loeffplein Bloemenkamp
Page 145 and 146: Loeffplein and the Stoa (Figure 6.1
Page 147 and 148: problems). In addition, it appointe
Page 149 and 150: 7 Fear and fantasy in the cases 7.1
Page 151 and 152: cafés. The members of the consorti
Page 153 and 154: esidential square located outside t
Page 155 and 156: also perceive it that way; they eva
Page 157 and 158: comprised of many stores with a ‘
Page 159 and 160: actors involved in the cases in mor
Page 161 and 162: confirms the work of several author
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8 Private-sector involvement in the
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8.2.1 Role and objectives of the lo
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Discussions during the focus group
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and investors hardly contribute to
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the architects responsible for the
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2) a decrease in the free access of
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There is also a compulsive pressure
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they argued that property owners ar
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They were all refuted until V&D and
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In addition to a longer duration, p
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In a similar vein, one informant em
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9 Conclusions, reflections, and imp
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were laid out in the 1950s as parts
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‘supply side’. This includes th
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Van Heekplein (i.e., Foruminvest, H
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edevelopment of the PPP squares was
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more restricted due to private-sect
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Glossary Chief Government Architect
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Appendix A Interviews and focus gro
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Table A.5 Case-study interviews on
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(1) (2) (3) City a Population b Nam
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2. Object: changes in the design an
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Capacities: Role of investor Respon
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Table E.2 Main Dutch investors invo
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Samenvatting Veranderende openbare
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Beurstraverse. Het Van Heekplein in
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in hun eigendom, maar ook in de rui
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uimte leiden. Tenslotte kunnen de b
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References Aarts, M., ed. (1995), E
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Burgers, J. (2003), De historische
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Gemeente Enschede (1999), H.J. van
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Ibelings, H. (2004), Geprivatiseerd
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Mitchell, D. (2001), Postmodern geo
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Rishbeth, C. & N. Finney (2006), No
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Van de Wiel, J. (1996), De winkelfu
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Curriculum vitae Rianne van Melik w
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NEDERLANDSE GEOGRAFISCHE STUDIES /
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