Changing public space

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Dagmarktstraat Figure 6.14 Van Heekplein Zuiderhagen Kalandergang Casino Bijenkorf Van Heekplein Klanderij V&D Twentec 7092 Mooienhof Figure 6.15 Map of the Van Heekplein. The dotted lines reflect the old Boulevard 1945. 132
After all actors were involved and contracted, the redevelopment could start in 2000. The first building activities involved the construction of a large underground parking garage with room for 1,700 cars and 1,050 bicycles. According to one of the involved actors, the construction of the garage was evident: the redeveloped square would not serve as parking space anymore and the increased number of shops would attract more visitors and lead to an increased need for parking space. Because of this awareness, the private sector was also willing to invest in the construction of the underground garage. The redevelopment started on the west side of the square, including the construction of the western part of the garage, the casino, and the Bijenkorf (Spierings, 2006). The latter became the first Bijenkorf in the Netherlands with housing units on the top floors. The tower was designed as landmark, but also to increase the housing supply in the city centre. The renewed V&D was also accommodated with housing units on the top floors. Like the V&D department store in Dordrecht, it was redesigned according to the city store formula with other shops on the ground floor of the V&D store, such as the Sting and Ici Paris XL. As a result, the department store decreased in size, despite an enlargement of the entire building. The first part of the Van Heekplein area reopened in 2002. The second part of the new Van Heekplein opened in 2003, including a reconstructed Klanderij arcade and the Twentec shopping centre (Spierings, 2006). The eastern part of the garage was also completed, enabling the redevelopment of the public space. Landscape architect OKRA was responsible for its design. It wanted to create a square that would facilitate the market, but which would also be an attractive public space on non-market days (OKRA, 2001): “… even when the shops are closed and the market is gone, the Van Heekplein should still invite people to linger awhile …” (LAE Foundation, 2006: 125). OKRA selected a light grey natural stone to pave the Van Heekplein, in which electricity hubs and hook-ups were integrated. The fringes are black-coloured to optically reduce the size of the square. To avoid untidiness and facilitate the market, the Van Heekplein only has a few fixed elements such as benches and garbage cans (Figure 6.14). There is also a sunken fountain integrated in the pavement on the south side of the square, which was designed to attract visitors and stretch their stay on the Van Heekplein (OKRA, 2001). Fifteen trees were planted on top of the garage. The main entrance to the garage was visualised by a so-called ‘square object’ designed by West 8. The entire redevelopment project was finished in 2004, when the bus stop and kiosks on the Dagmarkstraat were completed as well. Immediately after the return of the market on the Van Heekplein, it was elected as best market of 2003 by the association of merchants (CVAH). The square is also applauded in a publication by the Landscape Architect Europe Foundation, which admired the fact that the square attracts people even on non-market days (LAE Foundation, 2006). 6.5 ’s-Hertogenbosch ’s-Hertogenbosch, located in the south of the Netherlands, has 134,717 inhabitants (on 01-01-2006: Marlet & Van Woerkens, 2007). It obtained city rights in 1185 and grew swiftly, which led to the extension of the city walls in 1250 (Prak, 1997). Since then, the city centre’s street pattern has remained largely intact. ’s-Hertogenbosch was an important mercantile city in the Middle Ages, ranking second after Utrecht in the number of residents. The city was famous for its cattle markets, linen, and knives, but also had a religious connotation because of the presence of the Saint John’s cathedral and several monasteries. From the 17th century onwards, 133
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Changing public space The recent re
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Changing public space
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Netherlands Geographical Studies 37
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Contents Figures 9 Tables 11 Voorwo
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7 Fear and fantasy in the cases 147
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Figures 1.1 Outline of the thesis 2
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Tables 2.1 Development of European
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Voorwoord Al reizend ervaart men he
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1 Changing role of public space in
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23 per cent of the geographical pub
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Mentzel (1993: 104):* the place whe
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home country but also evaluate publ
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1. How have the design and manageme
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and agency as complementary forces
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of public space, it could also make
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2 Development and typology of Dutch
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periods, the table illustrates the
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Figure 2.1 The Vismarkt (fish marke
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1985 on behest of the communist lea
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Figure 2.2 Neude in Utrecht in 1989
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(Prak, 2002; Meyer et al., 2006). B
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ecause its situation has altered th
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connection can also be less clear-c
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can also explain why certain square
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3 Current trends in the design and
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Figure 3.1 Sign of CCTV in Barcelon
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easy access (Lofland, 1998). This c
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how entertainment has gone through
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Figure 3.2 The Beestenmarkt in Delf
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Dynamics in production structures
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surveillance cameras, their operato
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at redeveloped derelict sites that
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4 Private-sector involvement in the
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urban policy in the 1980s after an
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(1989) defines as the transformatio
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3. A shift from public sector to pr
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through a blend of architectural de
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4.3.1 Role and objectives of local
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uildings and to emphasise that they
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increase in the number of rules or
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for the dispossessed, which Mitchel
Page 83 and 84: process (i.e., longer duration, mor
Page 85 and 86: 5 Research design and methodology I
Page 87 and 88: Figure 5.1 Cultural square: Museump
Page 89 and 90: (Slager, 2007). There are also hybr
Page 91 and 92: 5.2.2 Inventory of Dutch city squar
Page 93 and 94: Table 5.3 Research objects in the n
Page 95 and 96: Appendix C consists of an interview
Page 97 and 98: concepts have been specified in six
Page 99 and 100: Figure 5.7 Permanent stage on the G
Page 101 and 102: 6 Urban policy and spatial structur
Page 103 and 104: document to stimulate the diversifi
Page 105 and 106: six museums in the area, which were
Page 107 and 108: emphasises the need for well-connec
Page 109 and 110: Figure 6.2 Schouwburgplein Central
Page 111 and 112: Table 6.3 Timeline of developments
Page 113 and 114: Figure 6.4 Beurstraverse Bijenkorf
Page 115 and 116: Table 6.4 Policies and changes in p
Page 117 and 118: The Spuiboulevard was the first pro
Page 119 and 120: Table 6.5 Timeline of developments
Page 121 and 122: is unclear when the real redevelopm
Page 123 and 124: Figure 6.9 Statenplein Scheffersple
Page 125 and 126: success to a strong project leader,
Page 127 and 128: 6.4.1 Policy and structure in Ensch
Page 129 and 130: Figure 6.12 Oude Markt 7021 Stadsgr
Page 131 and 132: the market. However, the market ass
Page 133: etail stores. The Van Heekplein thu
Page 137 and 138: government realised it needed to pr
Page 139 and 140: compared to 36 per cent in 2000. Th
Page 141 and 142: this therefore also includes the Pe
Page 143 and 144: Figure 6.19 Loeffplein Bloemenkamp
Page 145 and 146: Loeffplein and the Stoa (Figure 6.1
Page 147 and 148: problems). In addition, it appointe
Page 149 and 150: 7 Fear and fantasy in the cases 7.1
Page 151 and 152: cafés. The members of the consorti
Page 153 and 154: esidential square located outside t
Page 155 and 156: also perceive it that way; they eva
Page 157 and 158: comprised of many stores with a ‘
Page 159 and 160: actors involved in the cases in mor
Page 161 and 162: confirms the work of several author
Page 163 and 164: 8 Private-sector involvement in the
Page 165 and 166: 8.2.1 Role and objectives of the lo
Page 167 and 168: Discussions during the focus group
Page 169 and 170: and investors hardly contribute to
Page 171 and 172: the architects responsible for the
Page 173 and 174: 2) a decrease in the free access of
Page 175 and 176: There is also a compulsive pressure
Page 177 and 178: they argued that property owners ar
Page 179 and 180: They were all refuted until V&D and
Page 181 and 182: In addition to a longer duration, p
Page 183 and 184: In a similar vein, one informant em
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9 Conclusions, reflections, and imp
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were laid out in the 1950s as parts
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‘supply side’. This includes th
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Van Heekplein (i.e., Foruminvest, H
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edevelopment of the PPP squares was
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more restricted due to private-sect
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Glossary Chief Government Architect
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Appendix A Interviews and focus gro
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Table A.5 Case-study interviews on
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(1) (2) (3) City a Population b Nam
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2. Object: changes in the design an
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Capacities: Role of investor Respon
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Table E.2 Main Dutch investors invo
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Samenvatting Veranderende openbare
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Beurstraverse. Het Van Heekplein in
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in hun eigendom, maar ook in de rui
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uimte leiden. Tenslotte kunnen de b
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References Aarts, M., ed. (1995), E
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Burgers, J. (2003), De historische
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Gemeente Enschede (1999), H.J. van
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Ibelings, H. (2004), Geprivatiseerd
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Mitchell, D. (2001), Postmodern geo
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Rishbeth, C. & N. Finney (2006), No
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Van de Wiel, J. (1996), De winkelfu
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Curriculum vitae Rianne van Melik w
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NEDERLANDSE GEOGRAFISCHE STUDIES /
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