Changing public space

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Johan de Wittstraat such as Rondje Dordt, a walking route that links all tourist sites and provides information by means of signs. However, also this memorandum did not prove to be sufficient. It did not contain a comprehensive vision of the future development of the city centre, nor did the plan have enough support from local entrepreneurs and investors. The municipality realised that redevelopment of the city centre could only be accomplished by a comprehensive and interactive co-operation with the private sector. This resulted in the new 1996 memorandum, which was named business plan (Ondernemingsplan binnenstad) because the city centre was regarded as a business offering products such as shopping, entertainment, housing, and offices (Gemeente Dordrecht, 1996). The 1996 business plan roughly consisted of three elements: the ‘hardware’ (i.e., physical and spatial projects necessary to improve the city), the ‘software’ (i.e., stimulation of culture, museums, cafés, heritage, and events), and an implementation plan regarding the required budgets and a timeline. The plan was shaped in close co-operation with the association of local entrepreneurs and other stakeholders. Its main goal was to invest in the quality of retail, public space, accessibility, and the total appearance of the city. To achieve this goal, three main themes were formulated (Gemeente Dordrecht, 1996: 60): 1. Identifying water and history as important characteristics of Dordrecht (main focus: the Spuiboulevard) 2. Improving the shopping district (main focus: the Statenplein and Achterom/Bagijnhof ) 3. Improving squares and creating a circuit of restaurants and sidewalk cafés (main focus: the Grote Markt and Scheffersplein) 7021 Oude Maas A Grotekerksplein 1 B Voorstraat 3 2 Spuiboulevard Research objects A. Grote Markt B. Statenplein 100 m Burgemeester de Raadtsingel 4 Station Other important public spaces 1. Scheffersplein 2. Achterom/Bagijnhof 3. Spuiboulevard 4. Stationsplein Figure 6.6 Map of the city centre of Dordrecht 114
The Spuiboulevard was the first project completed within the framework of the business plan. The idea behind this sequence was that the accessibility of the city centre needed to be improved in an aesthetical manner before the centre was upgraded. Landscape architecture agency MTD was selected to make the new design for the Spuiboulevard. Because MTD’s design was well evaluated, the agency was later also selected to design the Statenplein and surroundings. The redevelopment of the Spuiboulevard included the excavation of the earlier filled-in port, the construction of five bridges over the water, narrowing the boulevard, and planting an avenue of trees as spatial element between the small-scale historical centre and the large office constructions south of the boulevard. The redevelopment was finished in 2001. The second step in the improvement of Dordrecht’s city centre was the redevelopment of the Statenplein in 2002 (Section 6.3.3) and the building block bounded by the streets Achterom and Bagijnhof. The block includes two large shops (i.e., C&A and Hema) and is rather derelict. The plan was to redevelop it shortly after the completion of the Statenplein, but the project is still unfinished. The reconstruction stagnated due to problems with high concentrations of fine particles. Recently, legislation has become stricter on air quality in the Netherlands, enabling opponents to stop construction projects until the effect of the project on the air quality is measured and found acceptable. In case of Dordrecht, this implied the suspension of two crucial construction licences for the planned indoor parking garage. The Council of State reviewed the objection and decided in 2007 that the project could be continued. The plans are to redevelop the Achterom/Bagijnhof quickly, as it currently forms an unattractive barrier between the train station and the city centre. The third theme of the business plan – improving squares and creating a circuit of restaurants and pavement cafés – has been implemented. The Grote Markt and Scheffersplein have been redesigned after the weekly market was transferred from these squares to the redeveloped Statenplein. The Grote Markt is discussed in more detail in the next section. The Scheffersplein is an example of a vault square, a broad bridge over a canal functioning as square. The square was upgraded with minor changes in its design. The façade of department store V&D was renovated and new licences were provided to café and restaurant owners to expand outdoors. The square has transformed into a typical café square with many sidewalk cafés. The 1996 business plan is by far the most influential document for the reconstruction of Dordrechts’s city centre in general and the Grote Markt and Statenplein in particular. Since then, a number of other policy plans regarding the city centre have been formulated (see Table 6.4). A new City Plan (Stadsplan Dordrecht) was presented in 2000, which – similar to Rotterdam – lobbied for strengthening the housing function of the city centre. A new traffic circulation plan (Verkeersplan Binnenstad) was set up in 2002, in which traffic flows and parking facilities in the core of the city were reduced. Recently, the mayor and aldermen presented a new city centre map (Programmakaart binnenstad 2008-2012), which forms a bridge between the 1996 business plan, the current situation, and the future of the city centre. The main aim is to make the city centre more appealing by improving its access routes, increasing opening hours of shops and other facilities, and adding new facilities such as a cinema or new museum. The map still needs to be approved by the city council (AD, 2007b). The redevelopment of Dordrecht’s city centre is not yet completed, as the Achterom/ Bagijnhof project still needs to be executed. The same applies to the train station square, which will be redeveloped in 2008. The local government could not redevelop this square earlier, because it needed the co-operation of the Dutch railway company NS (Nederlandse Spoorwegen), which 115
Page 1 and 2:
Changing public space The recent re
Page 3 and 4:
Changing public space
Page 5 and 6:
Netherlands Geographical Studies 37
Page 7 and 8:
Contents Figures 9 Tables 11 Voorwo
Page 9 and 10:
7 Fear and fantasy in the cases 147
Page 11 and 12:
Figures 1.1 Outline of the thesis 2
Page 13 and 14:
Tables 2.1 Development of European
Page 15 and 16:
Voorwoord Al reizend ervaart men he
Page 17 and 18:
1 Changing role of public space in
Page 19 and 20:
23 per cent of the geographical pub
Page 21 and 22:
Mentzel (1993: 104):* the place whe
Page 23 and 24:
home country but also evaluate publ
Page 25 and 26:
1. How have the design and manageme
Page 27 and 28:
and agency as complementary forces
Page 29 and 30:
of public space, it could also make
Page 31 and 32:
2 Development and typology of Dutch
Page 33 and 34:
periods, the table illustrates the
Page 35 and 36:
Figure 2.1 The Vismarkt (fish marke
Page 37 and 38:
1985 on behest of the communist lea
Page 39 and 40:
Figure 2.2 Neude in Utrecht in 1989
Page 41 and 42:
(Prak, 2002; Meyer et al., 2006). B
Page 43 and 44:
ecause its situation has altered th
Page 45 and 46:
connection can also be less clear-c
Page 47 and 48:
can also explain why certain square
Page 49 and 50:
3 Current trends in the design and
Page 51 and 52:
Figure 3.1 Sign of CCTV in Barcelon
Page 53 and 54:
easy access (Lofland, 1998). This c
Page 55 and 56:
how entertainment has gone through
Page 57 and 58:
Figure 3.2 The Beestenmarkt in Delf
Page 59 and 60:
Dynamics in production structures
Page 61 and 62:
surveillance cameras, their operato
Page 63 and 64:
at redeveloped derelict sites that
Page 65 and 66: 4 Private-sector involvement in the
Page 67 and 68: urban policy in the 1980s after an
Page 69 and 70: (1989) defines as the transformatio
Page 71 and 72: 3. A shift from public sector to pr
Page 73 and 74: through a blend of architectural de
Page 75 and 76: 4.3.1 Role and objectives of local
Page 77 and 78: uildings and to emphasise that they
Page 79 and 80: increase in the number of rules or
Page 81 and 82: for the dispossessed, which Mitchel
Page 83 and 84: process (i.e., longer duration, mor
Page 85 and 86: 5 Research design and methodology I
Page 87 and 88: Figure 5.1 Cultural square: Museump
Page 89 and 90: (Slager, 2007). There are also hybr
Page 91 and 92: 5.2.2 Inventory of Dutch city squar
Page 93 and 94: Table 5.3 Research objects in the n
Page 95 and 96: Appendix C consists of an interview
Page 97 and 98: concepts have been specified in six
Page 99 and 100: Figure 5.7 Permanent stage on the G
Page 101 and 102: 6 Urban policy and spatial structur
Page 103 and 104: document to stimulate the diversifi
Page 105 and 106: six museums in the area, which were
Page 107 and 108: emphasises the need for well-connec
Page 109 and 110: Figure 6.2 Schouwburgplein Central
Page 111 and 112: Table 6.3 Timeline of developments
Page 113 and 114: Figure 6.4 Beurstraverse Bijenkorf
Page 115: Table 6.4 Policies and changes in p
Page 119 and 120: Table 6.5 Timeline of developments
Page 121 and 122: is unclear when the real redevelopm
Page 123 and 124: Figure 6.9 Statenplein Scheffersple
Page 125 and 126: success to a strong project leader,
Page 127 and 128: 6.4.1 Policy and structure in Ensch
Page 129 and 130: Figure 6.12 Oude Markt 7021 Stadsgr
Page 131 and 132: the market. However, the market ass
Page 133 and 134: etail stores. The Van Heekplein thu
Page 135 and 136: After all actors were involved and
Page 137 and 138: government realised it needed to pr
Page 139 and 140: compared to 36 per cent in 2000. Th
Page 141 and 142: this therefore also includes the Pe
Page 143 and 144: Figure 6.19 Loeffplein Bloemenkamp
Page 145 and 146: Loeffplein and the Stoa (Figure 6.1
Page 147 and 148: problems). In addition, it appointe
Page 149 and 150: 7 Fear and fantasy in the cases 7.1
Page 151 and 152: cafés. The members of the consorti
Page 153 and 154: esidential square located outside t
Page 155 and 156: also perceive it that way; they eva
Page 157 and 158: comprised of many stores with a ‘
Page 159 and 160: actors involved in the cases in mor
Page 161 and 162: confirms the work of several author
Page 163 and 164: 8 Private-sector involvement in the
Page 165 and 166: 8.2.1 Role and objectives of the lo
Page 167 and 168:
Discussions during the focus group
Page 169 and 170:
and investors hardly contribute to
Page 171 and 172:
the architects responsible for the
Page 173 and 174:
2) a decrease in the free access of
Page 175 and 176:
There is also a compulsive pressure
Page 177 and 178:
they argued that property owners ar
Page 179 and 180:
They were all refuted until V&D and
Page 181 and 182:
In addition to a longer duration, p
Page 183 and 184:
In a similar vein, one informant em
Page 185 and 186:
9 Conclusions, reflections, and imp
Page 187 and 188:
were laid out in the 1950s as parts
Page 189 and 190:
‘supply side’. This includes th
Page 191 and 192:
Van Heekplein (i.e., Foruminvest, H
Page 193 and 194:
edevelopment of the PPP squares was
Page 195 and 196:
more restricted due to private-sect
Page 197 and 198:
Glossary Chief Government Architect
Page 199 and 200:
Appendix A Interviews and focus gro
Page 201 and 202:
Table A.5 Case-study interviews on
Page 203 and 204:
(1) (2) (3) City a Population b Nam
Page 205 and 206:
2. Object: changes in the design an
Page 207 and 208:
Capacities: Role of investor Respon
Page 209 and 210:
Table E.2 Main Dutch investors invo
Page 211 and 212:
Samenvatting Veranderende openbare
Page 213 and 214:
Beurstraverse. Het Van Heekplein in
Page 215 and 216:
in hun eigendom, maar ook in de rui
Page 217 and 218:
uimte leiden. Tenslotte kunnen de b
Page 219 and 220:
References Aarts, M., ed. (1995), E
Page 221 and 222:
Burgers, J. (2003), De historische
Page 223 and 224:
Gemeente Enschede (1999), H.J. van
Page 225 and 226:
Ibelings, H. (2004), Geprivatiseerd
Page 227 and 228:
Mitchell, D. (2001), Postmodern geo
Page 229 and 230:
Rishbeth, C. & N. Finney (2006), No
Page 231 and 232:
Van de Wiel, J. (1996), De winkelfu
Page 233 and 234:
Curriculum vitae Rianne van Melik w
Page 235 and 236:
NEDERLANDSE GEOGRAFISCHE STUDIES /
show all

Changing public space

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?