Changing public space

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as an entrepreneurial city. The question is whether this also applies to Dordrecht, Enschede, and ’s-Hertogenbosch. This is investigated by consulting the main policy documents of the casestudy cities as well using information derived from the interviews with the key actors involved in the redevelopment projects (see Section 5.3.1 and Appendix A). Abbreviations and explanations regarding the organisations mentioned in the text can be found in the glossary at the end of the thesis. 6.2 Rotterdam Rotterdam is the second-largest city in the Netherlands with 588,697 inhabitants (on 01-01-2006, Marlet & Van Woerkens, 2007). At the outbreak of the Second World War, a bombardment and the ensuring fires destroyed the historic core of the city centre. After the war, the city was reconstructed, and Rotterdam was given a modern core unlike that of any other old city in the country. For two decades, the main urban task was the reconstruction of the city centre (Aarts, 1995; Berggren, 1997). The main policy document was the so-called Basisplan (Basisplan voor de Wederopbouw van Rotterdam), set up by urban planner Cornelis van Traa in 1946. The plan long served as the main policy document directing the urban development of the city. However, new plans have appeared in recent decades such as the 1985 Binnenstadsplan, which triggered the redevelopment of a number of public spaces in the city centre. Table 6.1 outlines the different policies related to public space that have been formulated since the Second World War and the resulting changes. 6.2.1 Policy and structure in Rotterdam The 1946 Basisplan was mostly focused on rebuilding the centre of Rotterdam and strengthening the port function of the city. In line with the prevalent modernist thoughts of the CIAM (Section 2.5), the planners aimed to create a functional city by directing housing to the city’s edge and work-related functions to the city centre. This concentration and separation of functions was possible because the local government had expropriated all the damaged parts of the city centre after the bombardment (Berggren, 1997). The reconstruction of the centre and port area was so successful that employment rates increased swiftly, attracting many workers to the city. To combat the subsequent housing shortage, the city improved its infrastructure and constructed new neighbourhoods at the city’s edge in the 1950s and 1960s. Housing in the city centre was still scarce, though some was built (such as the mixed retail and housing complex Lijnbaan built in the 1950s, see below). The attention for public space was limited in the period immediately after the war, because the built environment first had to be reconstructed before the spaces in-between could be improved (Goossens et al., 1995). Again, there were some exceptions such as the development of the Schouwburgplein and the train station square (Stationsplein) in front of the Central Station. Table 6.1 shows that the 1946 Basisplan has long been the main policy document underlying urban (re)development projects in the city. This does not imply that the plan did not evolve; the Basisplan was rather a chameleon in which new insights were inserted (Aarts, 1995). At the end of the 1970s, the port flourished as never before but the advancement of technology had led to less rather than more employment. A more mixed economy was required with culture, retail, and housing as important functions of the city centre. The government realised it needed a new policy 100
document to stimulate the diversification of the functions and formulated the Structuurplan in 1978, followed by the 1985 city centre plan (Binnenstadsplan). The need for other forms of employment, such as the service and tourist sector, was also stressed in the memorandum Nieuw Rotterdam (Gemeente Rotterdam, 1987; also known as Nota Albeda after the chairman of the ‘Advisory Commission Social-Economic Renewal of Rotterdam’). The memorandum outlined several future objectives for spatial and economic renewal, including the improvement of shopping and entertainment facilities. It also identified public space as important spearhead. Table 6.1 Policies and changes in public space in the city centre of Rotterdam Period Year Policies Year Changes in public space 1940s 1946 Reconstruction plan (Basisplan voor de Wederopbouw van Rotterdam). Focus on recovery after the 1940 bombardments and on strengthening the city’s port 1950s 1953 1957 1960s 1966 1969 1970s 1978 Structure plan (Structuurplan Rotterdam). Focus on housing in the city centre and decentralising offices and other work-related functions 1980s 1985 City centre plan (Binnenstadsplan) 1987 New Rotterdam (Nieuw Rotterdam) Both plans focused on diversifying the functions of the city centre (housing, retail, culture) 1990s 1993 City centre Rotterdam (Binnenstad Rotterdam). Focus on five clusters in the city centre as main sites for (re) development 2000s 2006 Public space investment programme (Investerings-programma Buitenruimte 2006-2020). Focus on improving the quality of public space 2007 Spatial development strategy (Stadsvisie Rotterdam 2030). Focus on attracting high-skilled/creative workers by offering desirable living conditions 2007 Draft plan Connected City (Verbonden Stad) outlining plans to create highstandard public spaces 2008 City centre plan (Binnenstadsplan) 1947 Opening Schouwburgplein 1991 1996 1996 1997 2000 2009 2010 2010 2010 Construction Lijnbaan Construction Central Station including train station square Construction 2nd part of Lijnbaan 1st redevelopment Schouwburgplein 1st redevelopment Museumpark Development Erasmus Bridge Development Beurstraverse 2nd redevelopment Schouwburgplein Development skatepark Westblaak 2nd redevelopment Museumpark Redevelopment Binnenrotte Redevelopment train station/square Redevelopment Kop van Zuid 2010s 2012 Construction second Beurstraverse Source: based on Aarts (1995: 33-47), Van Aalst (1997) and Interviews (2006). NB. Indicated years refer to the completion of the redevelopment project; the actual redevelopment process often started earlier. Changes in public space after 2007 are indicated in italics, as the proposed years of completion might be subject to change. 101
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Changing public space The recent re
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Changing public space
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Netherlands Geographical Studies 37
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Contents Figures 9 Tables 11 Voorwo
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7 Fear and fantasy in the cases 147
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Figures 1.1 Outline of the thesis 2
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Tables 2.1 Development of European
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Voorwoord Al reizend ervaart men he
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1 Changing role of public space in
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23 per cent of the geographical pub
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Mentzel (1993: 104):* the place whe
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home country but also evaluate publ
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1. How have the design and manageme
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and agency as complementary forces
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of public space, it could also make
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2 Development and typology of Dutch
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periods, the table illustrates the
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Figure 2.1 The Vismarkt (fish marke
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1985 on behest of the communist lea
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Figure 2.2 Neude in Utrecht in 1989
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(Prak, 2002; Meyer et al., 2006). B
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ecause its situation has altered th
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connection can also be less clear-c
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can also explain why certain square
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3 Current trends in the design and
Page 51 and 52: Figure 3.1 Sign of CCTV in Barcelon
Page 53 and 54: easy access (Lofland, 1998). This c
Page 55 and 56: how entertainment has gone through
Page 57 and 58: Figure 3.2 The Beestenmarkt in Delf
Page 59 and 60: Dynamics in production structures
Page 61 and 62: surveillance cameras, their operato
Page 63 and 64: at redeveloped derelict sites that
Page 65 and 66: 4 Private-sector involvement in the
Page 67 and 68: urban policy in the 1980s after an
Page 69 and 70: (1989) defines as the transformatio
Page 71 and 72: 3. A shift from public sector to pr
Page 73 and 74: through a blend of architectural de
Page 75 and 76: 4.3.1 Role and objectives of local
Page 77 and 78: uildings and to emphasise that they
Page 79 and 80: increase in the number of rules or
Page 81 and 82: for the dispossessed, which Mitchel
Page 83 and 84: process (i.e., longer duration, mor
Page 85 and 86: 5 Research design and methodology I
Page 87 and 88: Figure 5.1 Cultural square: Museump
Page 89 and 90: (Slager, 2007). There are also hybr
Page 91 and 92: 5.2.2 Inventory of Dutch city squar
Page 93 and 94: Table 5.3 Research objects in the n
Page 95 and 96: Appendix C consists of an interview
Page 97 and 98: concepts have been specified in six
Page 99 and 100: Figure 5.7 Permanent stage on the G
Page 101: 6 Urban policy and spatial structur
Page 105 and 106: six museums in the area, which were
Page 107 and 108: emphasises the need for well-connec
Page 109 and 110: Figure 6.2 Schouwburgplein Central
Page 111 and 112: Table 6.3 Timeline of developments
Page 113 and 114: Figure 6.4 Beurstraverse Bijenkorf
Page 115 and 116: Table 6.4 Policies and changes in p
Page 117 and 118: The Spuiboulevard was the first pro
Page 119 and 120: Table 6.5 Timeline of developments
Page 121 and 122: is unclear when the real redevelopm
Page 123 and 124: Figure 6.9 Statenplein Scheffersple
Page 125 and 126: success to a strong project leader,
Page 127 and 128: 6.4.1 Policy and structure in Ensch
Page 129 and 130: Figure 6.12 Oude Markt 7021 Stadsgr
Page 131 and 132: the market. However, the market ass
Page 133 and 134: etail stores. The Van Heekplein thu
Page 135 and 136: After all actors were involved and
Page 137 and 138: government realised it needed to pr
Page 139 and 140: compared to 36 per cent in 2000. Th
Page 141 and 142: this therefore also includes the Pe
Page 143 and 144: Figure 6.19 Loeffplein Bloemenkamp
Page 145 and 146: Loeffplein and the Stoa (Figure 6.1
Page 147 and 148: problems). In addition, it appointe
Page 149 and 150: 7 Fear and fantasy in the cases 7.1
Page 151 and 152: cafés. The members of the consorti
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esidential square located outside t
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also perceive it that way; they eva
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comprised of many stores with a ‘
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actors involved in the cases in mor
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confirms the work of several author
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8 Private-sector involvement in the
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8.2.1 Role and objectives of the lo
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Discussions during the focus group
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and investors hardly contribute to
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the architects responsible for the
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2) a decrease in the free access of
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There is also a compulsive pressure
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they argued that property owners ar
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They were all refuted until V&D and
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In addition to a longer duration, p
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In a similar vein, one informant em
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9 Conclusions, reflections, and imp
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were laid out in the 1950s as parts
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‘supply side’. This includes th
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Van Heekplein (i.e., Foruminvest, H
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edevelopment of the PPP squares was
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more restricted due to private-sect
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Glossary Chief Government Architect
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Appendix A Interviews and focus gro
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Table A.5 Case-study interviews on
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(1) (2) (3) City a Population b Nam
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2. Object: changes in the design an
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Capacities: Role of investor Respon
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Table E.2 Main Dutch investors invo
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Samenvatting Veranderende openbare
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Beurstraverse. Het Van Heekplein in
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in hun eigendom, maar ook in de rui
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uimte leiden. Tenslotte kunnen de b
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References Aarts, M., ed. (1995), E
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Burgers, J. (2003), De historische
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Gemeente Enschede (1999), H.J. van
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Ibelings, H. (2004), Geprivatiseerd
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Mitchell, D. (2001), Postmodern geo
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Rishbeth, C. & N. Finney (2006), No
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Van de Wiel, J. (1996), De winkelfu
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Curriculum vitae Rianne van Melik w
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NEDERLANDSE GEOGRAFISCHE STUDIES /
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