Changing public space

More documents

Recommendations

Info

the development of the city stagnated and ’s-Hertogenbosch gradually turned into an ‘average’ Dutch city unable to compete with cities such as Utrecht and Amsterdam (Prak, 1997). 6.5.1 Policy and structure in ’s-Hertogenbosch After the Second World War, the city centre of ’s-Hertogenbosch had become unattractive due to disinvestment. The local government lacked the required capital to restore the large number of monuments, the local watercourse Binnendieze, and the substantial war damage. Many people had moved to the post-war neighbourhoods at the edge of the city. By the 1960s, only 10 per cent of the total population lived in the city centre (Dona, 2004). To solve these problems and to be able to compete with other city centres, the municipality decided to set up a new structure plan (Structuurplan) in 1964, following the same CIAM ideology that persisted in Rotterdam and Dordrecht. The plan facilitated the city’s accessibility by creating broad roads right to its centre and large parking spaces. The Pijp was a former working-class neighbourhood located north of the central market place (the Markt). It was in a pauperised state with many outdated houses. Built in in the 18th and 19th century, it was regarded as being less valuable than the medieval parts of the city. Therefore, the demolition started in this area. It resulted in the widening of the Tolbrugstraat, the development of the Loeffplein, and the construction of a hospital (Groot Ziekengasthuis – GZG) and a police station. The demolished area was named Tolbrugkwartier. The local population furiously opposed the structure plan. Like in Dordrecht, it was soon realised that rehabilitating large parts of the city centre was not a good idea. The plans were stopped in 1969, and ’s-Hertogenbosch has kept most of its fine-grained structure. Another revitalisation impulse came about in the 1980s, because ’s-Hertogenbosch encountered economic problems. Although it had never been a typical industrial city, some large factories had left the city, including De Gruyter, Michelin, and Remington Rant. The local Table 6.10 Policies and changes in public space in the city centre of ’s-Hertogenbosch Period Year Policies Year Changes in public space 1960s 1964 Structure plan (Structuurplan). Focus on the accessibility of the city centre Demolition activities and construction of Loeffplein. Stopped in 1969 1970s 1980s 1989 Opening Pettelaarpark 1990s 1992 1993 Memorandum on revitalising public space in the centre resulting in: City plan ‘The Inner City Outside’ (De Binnenstad Buiten). Focus on the design and redevelopment of public spaces in the city centre 1992 1993 1995 1998 1998 1998 Start construction Paleiskwartier Redevelopment Kerkstraat/Kerkplein Redevelopment Hinthamerstraat Redevelopment Vughterstraat Opening of Arena/Stoa and Loeffplein Redevelopment Stationsplein 2000s 2001 2008 2008 2010 Redevelopment Hooge Steenweg Redevelopment of Markt/Pensmarkt Redevelopment of Parade Redevelopment of GZG location 2010s 2012 Completion of Paleiskwartier Source: based on Gemeente ’s-Hertogenbosch (1993) and Interviews (2006). NB. Indicated years refer to the completion of the redevelopment project; the actual redevelopment process often started earlier. Changes in public space after 2007 are indicated in italics, as the proposed years of completion might be subject to change. 134
government realised it needed to promote service and commerce as main economic sectors. It set up three priorities to turn the tide (Dona, 2004: 95): 1. Modernisation of the business policy by creating business parks 2. Large-scale urban redevelopment projects: Paleiskwartier and Tolburgkwartier 3. Revitalisation of the city centre The development of business park Pettelaarpark in 1989 aimed to achieve the first ambition. It was not only one of the first business parks of the city, but also one in which the public and private sector closely co-operated. The second priority concerned the redevelopment of an old industrial area west of the train station. Since 1992, the local government and private sector have been redeveloping the site into a new city centre called Paleiskwartier with 1,400 houses, 180,000m 2 office space and 30,000m 2 for shops, cafés, restaurants, and cultural functions. The project will be completed in 2012 (Bruil et al., 2004). Another large-scale urban redevelopment project is the above-mentioned Tolbrugkwartier. The GZG hospital and police station built after the demolition turned out to attract too much traffic to the centre and did not fit within the historical structure of the city. They needed to be relocated in order to extend the city centre northwards. The police station was moved in the 1990s, enabling the construction of shopping centre Arena (at its former site) and the redevelopment of the Loeffplein in 1998, as will be discussed in Section 6.5.3. The GZG will move in the coming years. After the hospital is relocated, the start of the redevelopment is scheduled for 2010. The new complex will include a library, retail, and housing connected by redeveloped public space. The third priority was to revitalise the city centre by restoring monuments, promoting cafés and restaurants, expanding retail space, stimulating the housing function of the city centre, and investing in cultural facilities such as museums and theatres (Dona, 2004). In addition, the local government wanted to redevelop the public spaces in the city centre. The first proposals were introduced in a memorandum, which circulated among many interested parties and residents 9 2 Station Koningsweg Nassaulaan Emmaplein De Dommel 7 5 6 A B 3 Zuid- Willemsvaart 4 8 100 m 1 7021 Research objects A. Markt/Pensmarkt B. Loeffplein Other important public spaces 1. Parade 2. Stationsplein 3. Kerkplein 4. Hinthamerstraat 5. Hooge Steenweg 6. Vughterstraat 7. Uilenburg 8. Hospital site (GZG) 9. Paleiskwartier Figure 6.16 Map of the city centre of ’s-Hertogenbosch 135
Page 1 and 2:
Changing public space The recent re
Page 3 and 4:
Changing public space
Page 5 and 6:
Netherlands Geographical Studies 37
Page 7 and 8:
Contents Figures 9 Tables 11 Voorwo
Page 9 and 10:
7 Fear and fantasy in the cases 147
Page 11 and 12:
Figures 1.1 Outline of the thesis 2
Page 13 and 14:
Tables 2.1 Development of European
Page 15 and 16:
Voorwoord Al reizend ervaart men he
Page 17 and 18:
1 Changing role of public space in
Page 19 and 20:
23 per cent of the geographical pub
Page 21 and 22:
Mentzel (1993: 104):* the place whe
Page 23 and 24:
home country but also evaluate publ
Page 25 and 26:
1. How have the design and manageme
Page 27 and 28:
and agency as complementary forces
Page 29 and 30:
of public space, it could also make
Page 31 and 32:
2 Development and typology of Dutch
Page 33 and 34:
periods, the table illustrates the
Page 35 and 36:
Figure 2.1 The Vismarkt (fish marke
Page 37 and 38:
1985 on behest of the communist lea
Page 39 and 40:
Figure 2.2 Neude in Utrecht in 1989
Page 41 and 42:
(Prak, 2002; Meyer et al., 2006). B
Page 43 and 44:
ecause its situation has altered th
Page 45 and 46:
connection can also be less clear-c
Page 47 and 48:
can also explain why certain square
Page 49 and 50:
3 Current trends in the design and
Page 51 and 52:
Figure 3.1 Sign of CCTV in Barcelon
Page 53 and 54:
easy access (Lofland, 1998). This c
Page 55 and 56:
how entertainment has gone through
Page 57 and 58:
Figure 3.2 The Beestenmarkt in Delf
Page 59 and 60:
Dynamics in production structures
Page 61 and 62:
surveillance cameras, their operato
Page 63 and 64:
at redeveloped derelict sites that
Page 65 and 66:
4 Private-sector involvement in the
Page 67 and 68:
urban policy in the 1980s after an
Page 69 and 70:
(1989) defines as the transformatio
Page 71 and 72:
3. A shift from public sector to pr
Page 73 and 74:
through a blend of architectural de
Page 75 and 76:
4.3.1 Role and objectives of local
Page 77 and 78:
uildings and to emphasise that they
Page 79 and 80:
increase in the number of rules or
Page 81 and 82:
for the dispossessed, which Mitchel
Page 83 and 84:
process (i.e., longer duration, mor
Page 85 and 86: 5 Research design and methodology I
Page 87 and 88: Figure 5.1 Cultural square: Museump
Page 89 and 90: (Slager, 2007). There are also hybr
Page 91 and 92: 5.2.2 Inventory of Dutch city squar
Page 93 and 94: Table 5.3 Research objects in the n
Page 95 and 96: Appendix C consists of an interview
Page 97 and 98: concepts have been specified in six
Page 99 and 100: Figure 5.7 Permanent stage on the G
Page 101 and 102: 6 Urban policy and spatial structur
Page 103 and 104: document to stimulate the diversifi
Page 105 and 106: six museums in the area, which were
Page 107 and 108: emphasises the need for well-connec
Page 109 and 110: Figure 6.2 Schouwburgplein Central
Page 111 and 112: Table 6.3 Timeline of developments
Page 113 and 114: Figure 6.4 Beurstraverse Bijenkorf
Page 115 and 116: Table 6.4 Policies and changes in p
Page 117 and 118: The Spuiboulevard was the first pro
Page 119 and 120: Table 6.5 Timeline of developments
Page 121 and 122: is unclear when the real redevelopm
Page 123 and 124: Figure 6.9 Statenplein Scheffersple
Page 125 and 126: success to a strong project leader,
Page 127 and 128: 6.4.1 Policy and structure in Ensch
Page 129 and 130: Figure 6.12 Oude Markt 7021 Stadsgr
Page 131 and 132: the market. However, the market ass
Page 133 and 134: etail stores. The Van Heekplein thu
Page 135: After all actors were involved and
Page 139 and 140: compared to 36 per cent in 2000. Th
Page 141 and 142: this therefore also includes the Pe
Page 143 and 144: Figure 6.19 Loeffplein Bloemenkamp
Page 145 and 146: Loeffplein and the Stoa (Figure 6.1
Page 147 and 148: problems). In addition, it appointe
Page 149 and 150: 7 Fear and fantasy in the cases 7.1
Page 151 and 152: cafés. The members of the consorti
Page 153 and 154: esidential square located outside t
Page 155 and 156: also perceive it that way; they eva
Page 157 and 158: comprised of many stores with a ‘
Page 159 and 160: actors involved in the cases in mor
Page 161 and 162: confirms the work of several author
Page 163 and 164: 8 Private-sector involvement in the
Page 165 and 166: 8.2.1 Role and objectives of the lo
Page 167 and 168: Discussions during the focus group
Page 169 and 170: and investors hardly contribute to
Page 171 and 172: the architects responsible for the
Page 173 and 174: 2) a decrease in the free access of
Page 175 and 176: There is also a compulsive pressure
Page 177 and 178: they argued that property owners ar
Page 179 and 180: They were all refuted until V&D and
Page 181 and 182: In addition to a longer duration, p
Page 183 and 184: In a similar vein, one informant em
Page 185 and 186: 9 Conclusions, reflections, and imp
Page 187 and 188:
were laid out in the 1950s as parts
Page 189 and 190:
‘supply side’. This includes th
Page 191 and 192:
Van Heekplein (i.e., Foruminvest, H
Page 193 and 194:
edevelopment of the PPP squares was
Page 195 and 196:
more restricted due to private-sect
Page 197 and 198:
Glossary Chief Government Architect
Page 199 and 200:
Appendix A Interviews and focus gro
Page 201 and 202:
Table A.5 Case-study interviews on
Page 203 and 204:
(1) (2) (3) City a Population b Nam
Page 205 and 206:
2. Object: changes in the design an
Page 207 and 208:
Capacities: Role of investor Respon
Page 209 and 210:
Table E.2 Main Dutch investors invo
Page 211 and 212:
Samenvatting Veranderende openbare
Page 213 and 214:
Beurstraverse. Het Van Heekplein in
Page 215 and 216:
in hun eigendom, maar ook in de rui
Page 217 and 218:
uimte leiden. Tenslotte kunnen de b
Page 219 and 220:
References Aarts, M., ed. (1995), E
Page 221 and 222:
Burgers, J. (2003), De historische
Page 223 and 224:
Gemeente Enschede (1999), H.J. van
Page 225 and 226:
Ibelings, H. (2004), Geprivatiseerd
Page 227 and 228:
Mitchell, D. (2001), Postmodern geo
Page 229 and 230:
Rishbeth, C. & N. Finney (2006), No
Page 231 and 232:
Van de Wiel, J. (1996), De winkelfu
Page 233 and 234:
Curriculum vitae Rianne van Melik w
Page 235 and 236:
NEDERLANDSE GEOGRAFISCHE STUDIES /
show all

Changing public space

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?