Changing public space

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Earlier, the attention for programming, budgeting, and the quality of public space had been limited (Goossens et al., 1995). This is also visualised in Table 6.1 that shows no major publicspace developments in the 1970s and 1980s. The main aim of the 1985 Binnenstadsplan was to create a compact city in which people could work and live (Berggren, 1997). Another goal was to indicate clearly identifiable areas with different thematic backgrounds. The functions present in these areas needed to be strengthened. For example, the open space in the Park triangle (I in Figure 6.1) was already assigned as a park for museums when the government had bought the estate in 1924 and constructed the Boymansvan Beuningen museum in 1935 (Van Aalst, 1997). The 1985 Binnenstadsplan stressed the culturalrecreational function and park-like environment of this area. This has led to the clustering of Schiedamsedijk 7021 Central Station 2 Weena Hofplein 3 Westkruiskade Westersingel A III Lijnbaan 1 B Coolsingel Blaak Rochussenstraat 4 5 West Zeedijk I Westblaak Leuvenhaven II Boompjes Erasmusbrug Nieuwe Maas Oude Haven 6 Maaskade Research objects A. Schouwburgplein B. Beurstraverse Other important public spaces 1. Lijnbaan 2. Stationsplein 3. Binnenrotte 4. Westblaak 5. Museumpark 6. Kop van Zuid 100 m 1985 Binnenstadsplan areas I. Park triangle II. Maritime triangle III. City Figure 6.1 Map of the city centre of Rotterdam 102
six museums in the area, which were spatially united by the redesigned Museumpark in 1991. The second thematic area was the Maritime triangle (II). New developments within this area had to focus on maritime recreation and tourism, resulting in the relocation of the maritime museum to the Leuvehaven in 1986 and the arrival of Tropicana (a subtropical swimming pool and beauty/party centre) in 1988. The third thematic area was the City (III). The main focus of this area should be on offices, shopping, and entertainment. In more detail, the Weena and Coolsingel were designated as location for new high-rise buildings for offices and housing, while the Lijnbaan would become the main shopping area. Since its opening in 1953, the Lijnbaan had been revolutionary as one of the first car-free shopping streets. However, it deteriorated in the course of time. There was no unity between buildings, the shopping facades were not maintained, public space was cluttered, and the pavement was in a bad condition. The area needed a new impulse. The Schouwburgplein was identified as a culture and entertainment cluster. The square also required redevelopment to enable and strengthen these functions. By 1993, some of the developments proposed in the 1985 Binnenstadsplan had been realised. The Museumpark was under redevelopment, Tropicana had been built, and new office and housing buildings were constructed on the Weena and Coolsingel. However, other plans were not carried out including the redevelopment of the Schouwburgplein and Lijnbaan. The Schouwburgplein was suffering from an abundance of plans and lack of decisiveness (Section 6.2.2). The redevelopment of the Lijnbaan turned out to be very complicated due to many property owners who were unwilling to co-operate. The municipality was not able to force these owners and could only partially improve the Lijnbaan by upgrading the public space. In the meantime, new development plans had been adopted for the area south of the city centre on the other side of the river Maas, in an area named Kop van Zuid. These plans needed to be tuned to the plans for the city centre, because they could be competing with regard to housing and office developments. To revive the planned projects and incorporate the new developments at the Kop van Zuid, the new plan Binnenstad Rotterdam was presented in 1993. It outlined four main objectives (dS+V et al., 1993: 11): 1. Identification of three main clusters in the city centre (Beursplein/Oude Haven/ Schouwburgplein) and two at the Kop van Zuid (Entrepot building/Erasmus Bridge landing), in which functions needed to be combined in order to stimulate funshopping, recreation, culture, and tourism 2. Improvement of the quantity and quality of housing in the city centre 3. Improvement of the quality of the city centre and a coherent management of public space 4. Selective growth of offices in the city centre For this research, the first and third objectives are most relevant. The plan designated the Schouwburgplein as one of the main clusters in the city. The square was redeveloped with an emphasis on cultural and entertainment functions by combining the city theatre and music and congress centre De Doelen with new facilities such as a multiplex cinema, cafés, and restaurants. It reopened in 1997. The emphasis within the Beursplein cluster was on shopping. As described above, the local government first designated the Lijnbaan as main shopping area. However, the municipality shifted its focus from the Lijnbaan to the Beursplein area as main retail location. The construction of the Beurstraverse as sunken shopping street was finished in 1996. The objective of the third cluster near the Oudehaven was to remove the elevated train tracks and create a large square named the Binnenrotte to host the weekly market, attract tourists, and improve housing and public transport by constructing a train and metro hub (Station Blaakplein). 103
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Changing public space The recent re
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Changing public space
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Netherlands Geographical Studies 37
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Contents Figures 9 Tables 11 Voorwo
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7 Fear and fantasy in the cases 147
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Figures 1.1 Outline of the thesis 2
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Tables 2.1 Development of European
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Voorwoord Al reizend ervaart men he
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1 Changing role of public space in
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23 per cent of the geographical pub
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Mentzel (1993: 104):* the place whe
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home country but also evaluate publ
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1. How have the design and manageme
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and agency as complementary forces
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of public space, it could also make
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2 Development and typology of Dutch
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periods, the table illustrates the
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Figure 2.1 The Vismarkt (fish marke
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1985 on behest of the communist lea
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Figure 2.2 Neude in Utrecht in 1989
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(Prak, 2002; Meyer et al., 2006). B
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ecause its situation has altered th
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connection can also be less clear-c
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can also explain why certain square
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3 Current trends in the design and
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Figure 3.1 Sign of CCTV in Barcelon
Page 53 and 54: easy access (Lofland, 1998). This c
Page 55 and 56: how entertainment has gone through
Page 57 and 58: Figure 3.2 The Beestenmarkt in Delf
Page 59 and 60: Dynamics in production structures
Page 61 and 62: surveillance cameras, their operato
Page 63 and 64: at redeveloped derelict sites that
Page 65 and 66: 4 Private-sector involvement in the
Page 67 and 68: urban policy in the 1980s after an
Page 69 and 70: (1989) defines as the transformatio
Page 71 and 72: 3. A shift from public sector to pr
Page 73 and 74: through a blend of architectural de
Page 75 and 76: 4.3.1 Role and objectives of local
Page 77 and 78: uildings and to emphasise that they
Page 79 and 80: increase in the number of rules or
Page 81 and 82: for the dispossessed, which Mitchel
Page 83 and 84: process (i.e., longer duration, mor
Page 85 and 86: 5 Research design and methodology I
Page 87 and 88: Figure 5.1 Cultural square: Museump
Page 89 and 90: (Slager, 2007). There are also hybr
Page 91 and 92: 5.2.2 Inventory of Dutch city squar
Page 93 and 94: Table 5.3 Research objects in the n
Page 95 and 96: Appendix C consists of an interview
Page 97 and 98: concepts have been specified in six
Page 99 and 100: Figure 5.7 Permanent stage on the G
Page 101 and 102: 6 Urban policy and spatial structur
Page 103: document to stimulate the diversifi
Page 107 and 108: emphasises the need for well-connec
Page 109 and 110: Figure 6.2 Schouwburgplein Central
Page 111 and 112: Table 6.3 Timeline of developments
Page 113 and 114: Figure 6.4 Beurstraverse Bijenkorf
Page 115 and 116: Table 6.4 Policies and changes in p
Page 117 and 118: The Spuiboulevard was the first pro
Page 119 and 120: Table 6.5 Timeline of developments
Page 121 and 122: is unclear when the real redevelopm
Page 123 and 124: Figure 6.9 Statenplein Scheffersple
Page 125 and 126: success to a strong project leader,
Page 127 and 128: 6.4.1 Policy and structure in Ensch
Page 129 and 130: Figure 6.12 Oude Markt 7021 Stadsgr
Page 131 and 132: the market. However, the market ass
Page 133 and 134: etail stores. The Van Heekplein thu
Page 135 and 136: After all actors were involved and
Page 137 and 138: government realised it needed to pr
Page 139 and 140: compared to 36 per cent in 2000. Th
Page 141 and 142: this therefore also includes the Pe
Page 143 and 144: Figure 6.19 Loeffplein Bloemenkamp
Page 145 and 146: Loeffplein and the Stoa (Figure 6.1
Page 147 and 148: problems). In addition, it appointe
Page 149 and 150: 7 Fear and fantasy in the cases 7.1
Page 151 and 152: cafés. The members of the consorti
Page 153 and 154: esidential square located outside t
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also perceive it that way; they eva
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comprised of many stores with a ‘
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actors involved in the cases in mor
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confirms the work of several author
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8 Private-sector involvement in the
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8.2.1 Role and objectives of the lo
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Discussions during the focus group
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and investors hardly contribute to
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the architects responsible for the
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2) a decrease in the free access of
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There is also a compulsive pressure
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they argued that property owners ar
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They were all refuted until V&D and
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In addition to a longer duration, p
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In a similar vein, one informant em
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9 Conclusions, reflections, and imp
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were laid out in the 1950s as parts
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‘supply side’. This includes th
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Van Heekplein (i.e., Foruminvest, H
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edevelopment of the PPP squares was
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more restricted due to private-sect
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Glossary Chief Government Architect
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Appendix A Interviews and focus gro
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Table A.5 Case-study interviews on
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(1) (2) (3) City a Population b Nam
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2. Object: changes in the design an
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Capacities: Role of investor Respon
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Table E.2 Main Dutch investors invo
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Samenvatting Veranderende openbare
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Beurstraverse. Het Van Heekplein in
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in hun eigendom, maar ook in de rui
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uimte leiden. Tenslotte kunnen de b
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References Aarts, M., ed. (1995), E
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Burgers, J. (2003), De historische
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Gemeente Enschede (1999), H.J. van
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Ibelings, H. (2004), Geprivatiseerd
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Mitchell, D. (2001), Postmodern geo
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Rishbeth, C. & N. Finney (2006), No
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Van de Wiel, J. (1996), De winkelfu
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Curriculum vitae Rianne van Melik w
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NEDERLANDSE GEOGRAFISCHE STUDIES /
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