Changing public space

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Figure 6.7 Grote Markt 7021 Wijnstraat Nieuwe Haven Varkenmarkt Fortis housing Grote Markt Wijnhaven Scheffersplein Buddinghplein Groenmarkt Voorstraat Aardappelmarkt Botermarkt Waagpassage Statenplein Figure 6.8 Map of the Grote Markt 118
is unclear when the real redevelopment will take place and if Geurtsen’s designs will be carried out. However, it is almost certain that the 1970s housing will be demolished and replaced by a residential structure that better fits the historical character of the city, leading to a reduction of the Grote Markt’s size. 6.3.3 Statenplein Like many other Dutch cities, Dordrecht never had an abundance of squares. The original pattern of the city is fine-grained with many narrow streets. This changed during the demolition activities that took place in the 1960s, which resulted in the construction of the Statenplein. In its current form and function, it is a typical retail square lined by shops (and some cafés and snack bars) on all four sides. The square itself is used as market place twice a week and occasionally for events. Yet, the timeline of developments shows that many plans have preceded the current Statenplein (Table 6.6). The first plans to demolish part of Dordrecht’s city centre appeared in 1949. The owner of the V&D, a department store located on the Voorstraat, supported the plan and even threatened to leave the city if the demolition plans would not be implemented. V&D was in favour of a large square behind its store, because this would create extra parking space and enable an enlargement of the store. The Statenplein came into existence in 1962 and became a parking space. The local government soon realised that creating such a large space in the fine-grained structure of the city was a mistake. In 1972, the demolition activities stopped and ideas were raised to reduce the size of the Statenplein, which was experienced as being too big (8,100m 2 ). The new Statenplein was reopened in 1974 and appeared smaller due to the construction of new kiosks (Bouman, 2007). Only a decade later, new discussions started concerning the Statenplein. Many local entrepreneurs were dissatisfied with the kiosk-design. The department of urban development appointed architect Hoogstad in 1990 to make a new design for the Statenplein. His plan included the removal of the kiosks and the construction of a new building in the northeastern corner of the square. Local entrepreneurs opposed the plan and it was turned down. The local government appointed Leyten & Brand in 1991 to develop the Statenplein. Two years later, the developer concluded that it was impossible to develop an economically feasible plan that would fit in the urban structure. Meanwhile, the first kiosks were demolished, but a few shopkeepers were not willing to leave their kiosk and hampered the process (Bouman, 2007). Vendex – the corporation of V&D – started to interfere with the decision-making process in 1993. According to Miellet and Voorn (2001: 85), many of the traditional department stores in Europe encountered problems in the 1990s as a result of the more erratic behaviour of the mobile consumer and increasing competition from shopping malls. Vendex had similar problems and started to close some stores and decrease the size of others. Developer Multi co-operated with Vendex in most of these redevelopment projects. Vendex wanted to renovate its V&D store in Dordrecht, but was also interested in the redevelopment of its surroundings in order to attract more visitors. Together with Multi, it presented a plan for the Statenplein including a new building at the southwestern corner of the square between the V&D and shopping centre Drievriendenhof. In the meantime, the economic situation in Dordrecht further deteriorated. The municipality wanted a new plan for the city centre. This resulted in the 1996 business plan, which argued in favour of Vendex and Multi’s plans (Gemeente Dordrecht, 1996). 119
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Changing public space The recent re
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Changing public space
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Netherlands Geographical Studies 37
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Contents Figures 9 Tables 11 Voorwo
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7 Fear and fantasy in the cases 147
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Figures 1.1 Outline of the thesis 2
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Tables 2.1 Development of European
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Voorwoord Al reizend ervaart men he
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1 Changing role of public space in
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23 per cent of the geographical pub
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Mentzel (1993: 104):* the place whe
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home country but also evaluate publ
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1. How have the design and manageme
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and agency as complementary forces
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of public space, it could also make
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2 Development and typology of Dutch
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periods, the table illustrates the
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Figure 2.1 The Vismarkt (fish marke
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1985 on behest of the communist lea
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Figure 2.2 Neude in Utrecht in 1989
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(Prak, 2002; Meyer et al., 2006). B
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ecause its situation has altered th
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connection can also be less clear-c
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can also explain why certain square
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3 Current trends in the design and
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Figure 3.1 Sign of CCTV in Barcelon
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easy access (Lofland, 1998). This c
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how entertainment has gone through
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Figure 3.2 The Beestenmarkt in Delf
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Dynamics in production structures
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surveillance cameras, their operato
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at redeveloped derelict sites that
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4 Private-sector involvement in the
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urban policy in the 1980s after an
Page 69 and 70: (1989) defines as the transformatio
Page 71 and 72: 3. A shift from public sector to pr
Page 73 and 74: through a blend of architectural de
Page 75 and 76: 4.3.1 Role and objectives of local
Page 77 and 78: uildings and to emphasise that they
Page 79 and 80: increase in the number of rules or
Page 81 and 82: for the dispossessed, which Mitchel
Page 83 and 84: process (i.e., longer duration, mor
Page 85 and 86: 5 Research design and methodology I
Page 87 and 88: Figure 5.1 Cultural square: Museump
Page 89 and 90: (Slager, 2007). There are also hybr
Page 91 and 92: 5.2.2 Inventory of Dutch city squar
Page 93 and 94: Table 5.3 Research objects in the n
Page 95 and 96: Appendix C consists of an interview
Page 97 and 98: concepts have been specified in six
Page 99 and 100: Figure 5.7 Permanent stage on the G
Page 101 and 102: 6 Urban policy and spatial structur
Page 103 and 104: document to stimulate the diversifi
Page 105 and 106: six museums in the area, which were
Page 107 and 108: emphasises the need for well-connec
Page 109 and 110: Figure 6.2 Schouwburgplein Central
Page 111 and 112: Table 6.3 Timeline of developments
Page 113 and 114: Figure 6.4 Beurstraverse Bijenkorf
Page 115 and 116: Table 6.4 Policies and changes in p
Page 117 and 118: The Spuiboulevard was the first pro
Page 119: Table 6.5 Timeline of developments
Page 123 and 124: Figure 6.9 Statenplein Scheffersple
Page 125 and 126: success to a strong project leader,
Page 127 and 128: 6.4.1 Policy and structure in Ensch
Page 129 and 130: Figure 6.12 Oude Markt 7021 Stadsgr
Page 131 and 132: the market. However, the market ass
Page 133 and 134: etail stores. The Van Heekplein thu
Page 135 and 136: After all actors were involved and
Page 137 and 138: government realised it needed to pr
Page 139 and 140: compared to 36 per cent in 2000. Th
Page 141 and 142: this therefore also includes the Pe
Page 143 and 144: Figure 6.19 Loeffplein Bloemenkamp
Page 145 and 146: Loeffplein and the Stoa (Figure 6.1
Page 147 and 148: problems). In addition, it appointe
Page 149 and 150: 7 Fear and fantasy in the cases 7.1
Page 151 and 152: cafés. The members of the consorti
Page 153 and 154: esidential square located outside t
Page 155 and 156: also perceive it that way; they eva
Page 157 and 158: comprised of many stores with a ‘
Page 159 and 160: actors involved in the cases in mor
Page 161 and 162: confirms the work of several author
Page 163 and 164: 8 Private-sector involvement in the
Page 165 and 166: 8.2.1 Role and objectives of the lo
Page 167 and 168: Discussions during the focus group
Page 169 and 170: and investors hardly contribute to
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the architects responsible for the
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2) a decrease in the free access of
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There is also a compulsive pressure
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they argued that property owners ar
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They were all refuted until V&D and
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In addition to a longer duration, p
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In a similar vein, one informant em
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9 Conclusions, reflections, and imp
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were laid out in the 1950s as parts
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‘supply side’. This includes th
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Van Heekplein (i.e., Foruminvest, H
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edevelopment of the PPP squares was
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more restricted due to private-sect
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Glossary Chief Government Architect
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Appendix A Interviews and focus gro
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Table A.5 Case-study interviews on
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(1) (2) (3) City a Population b Nam
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2. Object: changes in the design an
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Capacities: Role of investor Respon
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Table E.2 Main Dutch investors invo
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Samenvatting Veranderende openbare
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Beurstraverse. Het Van Heekplein in
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in hun eigendom, maar ook in de rui
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uimte leiden. Tenslotte kunnen de b
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References Aarts, M., ed. (1995), E
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Burgers, J. (2003), De historische
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Gemeente Enschede (1999), H.J. van
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Ibelings, H. (2004), Geprivatiseerd
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Mitchell, D. (2001), Postmodern geo
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Rishbeth, C. & N. Finney (2006), No
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Van de Wiel, J. (1996), De winkelfu
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Curriculum vitae Rianne van Melik w
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NEDERLANDSE GEOGRAFISCHE STUDIES /
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