Changing public space

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explicit manner. To express the opinions of the informants we have used literal quotes, which were translated from Dutch by the author. To respect the informants’ anonymity, the quotes are not linked to their names, but to the sector they represent (i.e., public sector, private sector, or design). The quotes are numbered in Roman (I, II, III, etc.) in order of appearance, but are also connected to the informants. For example, public-sector representative I is the same informant throughout the chapter. 8.2 Roles and objectives of public and private actors in the PPP research objects Chapter 6 has outlined the redevelopment projects of the four PPP squares in depth. It also introduced the main actors involved in these projects. These are listed in Table 8.1, which shows that – in addition to the above-discussed similarities – the four PPP squares also show resemblance with regard to the actors involved in the redevelopment, which was already briefly mentioned in Section 5.3.1. Developer Multi, for example, was involved in the redevelopment of all four PPP squares. ING Bank, VendexKBB and T+T Design also participated in multiple projects. Although this dominance of certain actors could be the result of the selection of the cases (see also Section 9.5), it suggests that actors are ‘shared’ among redevelopment projects. The following subsections describe the roles and objectives of these actors in more detail. Table 8.1 Main actors involved in the redevelopment projects of the PPP squares Beurstraverse Statenplein Van Heekplein Loeffplein Developer Multi Multi Dura Te Pas (Twentec tower) Foruminvest (Twentec mall) Holland Casino (Casino) Multi (Bijenkorf) VendexKBB (V&D) Foruminvest/Prowinko (Klanderij) Multi/Holland Casino (garage) Investor Consortium, incl. ING (previously Nationale Nederlanden), Focas, and City of Rotterdam VendexKBB Achmea Vesteda (Twentec tower) Foruminvest (Twentec mall) Holland Casino (casino) Interpolis (Bijenkorf & V&D) Foruminvest/Prowinko (Klanderij) City of Enschede (garage) Multi ING (now also Oppenheim Immobilien- Kapitalanlagegesellschaft) Designer T+T Design T+T Design West8 T+T Design master plan Designer public space De Bruijn (Architecten Cie) Jerde Partnership MTD OKRA BB+GG Arquitectes Other parties involved Management company Actys (formerly known as Dynamis) Supervisor Rijnboutt Management company SCM Supervisor Hartzema (West8) Project coordinators Twijnstra Gudde and DHV Management company Actys (later replaced by Redema) Source: based on Chapter 6. NB. The local government is not included in the table, since it is always present in redevelopment projects. 162
8.2.1 Role and objectives of the local government The reasons why local authorities of the cases strive for urban redevelopment have already been discussed in Section 6.6. The overview of urban policies showed that next to their regular task to provide public services, the municipalities of Rotterdam, Dordrecht, Enschede and ’s-Hertogenbosch also concentrate on public space in order to distinguish themselves from other cities within the interurban competition for businesses, residents, and tourists. This qualifies them as entrepreneurial cities. However, the motives of the local government to redevelop public space are not always to stand out in comparison to other cities; at times it is simply necessary because public space is in a degenerated state and – financially or physically – depreciated. As one of the informants summarised: [Redevelopment of public space occurs] simply because the time is right, because politicians feel like it, because of an upcoming event, because we would like to have the Tour de France, because we would like to be European Capital of Culture. Those are all arguments (…), but also because of the cycle of depreciation: public space is depreciated and it has to be renewed. (Public-sector representative I) Table 8.2 shows that despite the growing involvement of the private sector, the role of the local government is still extensive regarding all redevelopment tasks (i.e., taking the initiative, selecting the design, directing the redevelopment process, financing the redevelopment and maintaining public space after the redevelopment is finished). Local authorities have not always taken the initiative to redevelop the PPP squares, but once the ball started rolling they have been involved in every part of the project. Similar tables have been set up regarding the role of the private sector and other stakeholders (Table 8.3 and 8.4). When comparing these to Table 8.2, it appears that the role of the local government is particularly dominant regarding process Table 8.2 Role of the local government (LG) in the redevelopment of the PPP squares Beurstraverse Statenplein Van Heekplein Loeffplein Initiative - LG took initiative for first plans, which LG started process by appointing MAB and were never executed. later Multi to make Multi and VendexKBB plans initiated final plans Design Consortium incl. LG selected architects to design public space LG selected MTD to design public space Process LG acted as director LG acted as director, but was assisted by supervisor Rijnboutt Finance Maintenance Source: Interviews (2006) LG financed 1/8 of total costs Carried out by Actys on behest of consortium incl. LG LG financed total costs with capital raised from the sale of land LG selected OKRA to design public space LG acted as director, but was assisted by DHV and supervisor West 8 LG financed total costs with capital raised from the sale of land - LG (and Multi) selected Beth Galí to design public space LG acted as director LG financed total costs with capital raised from the sale of land Carried out by LG Carried out by LG Carried out by LG 163
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Changing public space The recent re
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Changing public space
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Netherlands Geographical Studies 37
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Contents Figures 9 Tables 11 Voorwo
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7 Fear and fantasy in the cases 147
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Figures 1.1 Outline of the thesis 2
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Tables 2.1 Development of European
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Voorwoord Al reizend ervaart men he
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1 Changing role of public space in
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23 per cent of the geographical pub
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Mentzel (1993: 104):* the place whe
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home country but also evaluate publ
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1. How have the design and manageme
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and agency as complementary forces
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of public space, it could also make
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2 Development and typology of Dutch
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periods, the table illustrates the
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Figure 2.1 The Vismarkt (fish marke
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1985 on behest of the communist lea
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Figure 2.2 Neude in Utrecht in 1989
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(Prak, 2002; Meyer et al., 2006). B
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ecause its situation has altered th
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connection can also be less clear-c
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can also explain why certain square
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3 Current trends in the design and
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Figure 3.1 Sign of CCTV in Barcelon
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easy access (Lofland, 1998). This c
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how entertainment has gone through
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Figure 3.2 The Beestenmarkt in Delf
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Dynamics in production structures
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surveillance cameras, their operato
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at redeveloped derelict sites that
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4 Private-sector involvement in the
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urban policy in the 1980s after an
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(1989) defines as the transformatio
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3. A shift from public sector to pr
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through a blend of architectural de
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4.3.1 Role and objectives of local
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uildings and to emphasise that they
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increase in the number of rules or
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for the dispossessed, which Mitchel
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process (i.e., longer duration, mor
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5 Research design and methodology I
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Figure 5.1 Cultural square: Museump
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(Slager, 2007). There are also hybr
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5.2.2 Inventory of Dutch city squar
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Table 5.3 Research objects in the n
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Appendix C consists of an interview
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concepts have been specified in six
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Figure 5.7 Permanent stage on the G
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6 Urban policy and spatial structur
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document to stimulate the diversifi
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six museums in the area, which were
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emphasises the need for well-connec
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Figure 6.2 Schouwburgplein Central
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Table 6.3 Timeline of developments
Page 113 and 114: Figure 6.4 Beurstraverse Bijenkorf
Page 115 and 116: Table 6.4 Policies and changes in p
Page 117 and 118: The Spuiboulevard was the first pro
Page 119 and 120: Table 6.5 Timeline of developments
Page 121 and 122: is unclear when the real redevelopm
Page 123 and 124: Figure 6.9 Statenplein Scheffersple
Page 125 and 126: success to a strong project leader,
Page 127 and 128: 6.4.1 Policy and structure in Ensch
Page 129 and 130: Figure 6.12 Oude Markt 7021 Stadsgr
Page 131 and 132: the market. However, the market ass
Page 133 and 134: etail stores. The Van Heekplein thu
Page 135 and 136: After all actors were involved and
Page 137 and 138: government realised it needed to pr
Page 139 and 140: compared to 36 per cent in 2000. Th
Page 141 and 142: this therefore also includes the Pe
Page 143 and 144: Figure 6.19 Loeffplein Bloemenkamp
Page 145 and 146: Loeffplein and the Stoa (Figure 6.1
Page 147 and 148: problems). In addition, it appointe
Page 149 and 150: 7 Fear and fantasy in the cases 7.1
Page 151 and 152: cafés. The members of the consorti
Page 153 and 154: esidential square located outside t
Page 155 and 156: also perceive it that way; they eva
Page 157 and 158: comprised of many stores with a ‘
Page 159 and 160: actors involved in the cases in mor
Page 161 and 162: confirms the work of several author
Page 163: 8 Private-sector involvement in the
Page 167 and 168: Discussions during the focus group
Page 169 and 170: and investors hardly contribute to
Page 171 and 172: the architects responsible for the
Page 173 and 174: 2) a decrease in the free access of
Page 175 and 176: There is also a compulsive pressure
Page 177 and 178: they argued that property owners ar
Page 179 and 180: They were all refuted until V&D and
Page 181 and 182: In addition to a longer duration, p
Page 183 and 184: In a similar vein, one informant em
Page 185 and 186: 9 Conclusions, reflections, and imp
Page 187 and 188: were laid out in the 1950s as parts
Page 189 and 190: ‘supply side’. This includes th
Page 191 and 192: Van Heekplein (i.e., Foruminvest, H
Page 193 and 194: edevelopment of the PPP squares was
Page 195 and 196: more restricted due to private-sect
Page 197 and 198: Glossary Chief Government Architect
Page 199 and 200: Appendix A Interviews and focus gro
Page 201 and 202: Table A.5 Case-study interviews on
Page 203 and 204: (1) (2) (3) City a Population b Nam
Page 205 and 206: 2. Object: changes in the design an
Page 207 and 208: Capacities: Role of investor Respon
Page 209 and 210: Table E.2 Main Dutch investors invo
Page 211 and 212: Samenvatting Veranderende openbare
Page 213 and 214: Beurstraverse. Het Van Heekplein in
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in hun eigendom, maar ook in de rui
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uimte leiden. Tenslotte kunnen de b
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References Aarts, M., ed. (1995), E
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Burgers, J. (2003), De historische
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Gemeente Enschede (1999), H.J. van
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Ibelings, H. (2004), Geprivatiseerd
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Mitchell, D. (2001), Postmodern geo
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Rishbeth, C. & N. Finney (2006), No
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Van de Wiel, J. (1996), De winkelfu
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Curriculum vitae Rianne van Melik w
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NEDERLANDSE GEOGRAFISCHE STUDIES /
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