Changing public space

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Appendix B Overview of redesigned city squares in Dutch city centres Table B.1 Characteristics of redesigned city squares located in the 50 largest Dutch cities (1) (2) (3) City a Population b Name of square (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) Function c Actors d Type e Size f Year g Alkmaar 94,445 Canadaplein Cultural Public I L 2002 Paardenmarkt Residential PPP VIII S 2008* Almelo 72,048 Stadhuisplein Civil Public IV S 2006 Almere 178,466 Grote Markt Café Public III L 1998 Amstelveen 78,774 Plein 1960 Retail PPP VI S 2003 Amsterdam 743,079 Dam Civil PPP VIII XL 2001 Mercatorplein Retail PPP VI L 1998 Arnhem 142,195 Korenmarkt Café PPP VII S 1996 Bergen op Zoom 65,767 Gouvernementsplein Retail Public II S 1999 Grote Markt Retail Public II M 2002 Breda 169,709 Brabantplein Retail Public II L 2005 Dr. Struykenplein Retail PPP VI M 2010* Delft 95,090 Markt Café Public III L 2004 Dordrecht 118,821 Grote Markt Parking Public IV M 2005 Statenplein Retail PPP VI L 2002 Ede 107,048 Markt Retail Public II M 2005 Kerkplein Civil Public IV S 2006 Raadhuisplein Civil Public IV M 2006 Eindhoven 209,172 18 Septemberplein Retail PPP V L 2006 Enschede 154,377 Oude Markt Café Public III M 2004 Van Heekplein Retail PPP VI XL 2003 Gouda 71,386 Markt Retail Public II L 2002 Groningen 181,613 Grote Markt Retail PPP VI L 2012* Haarlemmermeer 135,136 Raadhuisplein Cultural PPP V M 2009* Heerlen 91,499 Bongerd Retail Public II M 2007 Pancratiusplein Café Public III L 2007 Wilhelminaplein Retail Public II S 2007 Helmond 85,682 Markt Retail Public II L 2008* Hengelo 81,299 Markt/Telgen Retail Public II L 1990s ’s-Hertogen-bosch 134,717 Burg. Loeffplein Retail PPP VI S 1998 Markt/Pensmarkt Retail Public II M 2008* Hilversum 83,652 Kerkbrink Café Public III M 2006 Langgewenst Retail Public II L >2008 Hoorn 67,846 Kerkplein Retail Public II L 2005 Leeuwarden 91,817 Wilhelminaplein Retail PPP VI L 2011 200
(1) (2) (3) City a Population b Name of square (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) Function c Actors d Type e Size f Year g Leiden 118,069 Weddesteegplein Civil PPP VIII M 2006 Maastricht 120,175 Markt Retail PPP VI L 2007 Vrijthof Civil PPP VIII XL 2003 Nijmegen 159,522 Mariënburg Retail PPP VI S 2000 Plein 1944 Retail PPP VI L 2009* Purmerend 72,922 Koemarkt Retail Public II L 2010 Roosendaal 77,703 Nieuwe Markt Retail PPP VI L 2008* Rotterdam 588,697 Beurstraverse Retail PPP VI L 1996 Binnenrotte Retail PPP VI XL 2009* Schouwburgplein Cultural Public I XL 1997 The Hague 475,627 Buitenhof Café Public III M 2007 Koningsplein Residential Public IV L 2003 Plein Civil Public IV L 1998 Tilburg 200,380 Pieter Vreedeplein Retail PPP VI L 2008 Utrecht 265,151 Neude Café Public III L 1998 Vredenburg Retail PPP VI XL 2012* Venlo 92,052 Oude Markt Café PPP VII M 2010* Zoetermeer 116,979 Stadhuisplein Civil Public IV M 2006 Zwolle 113,078 Grote Markt Retail Public II M 2006 Rodetorenplein Cultural PPP V L 2009* a The cities in column 1 are the 50 largest Dutch municipalities on 1 January 2006 (Marlet & Van Woerkens, 2007). Not all of the 50 cities are represented, as some do not have a recently redesigned square. b Refers to the total size of population on 1 January 2006, based on Statline, CBS (in: Marlet & Van Woerkens, 2007). c Refers to the current observed function of the ground floor of the surrounding buildings (if mixed, the most dominant function in terms of numbers is chosen). Residential functions above shops or cafés are relatively common in the Netherlands. However, because users of public space seldom look up or visit the upper floors, the function of the ground floor is more apparent than the function of the upper floors. Because the variable is based on the function of the surrounding buildings instead of the function of the square itself, the variable function is less sensitive to seasonal changes. The categories are similar to the ideal types of squares described in Table 5.1 (i.e., cultural, retail, café, civil, residential, and parking). d Refers to the actors involved in the upgrading process. The two categories are similar to the categories in Table 5.1 (i.e., public and PPP). PPP only refers to the involvement of equity participants including property developers and investors. Non-equity participants (e.g., architects and building contractors) are nearly always present in redevelopment processes. If these private actors would be taken into account, practically every upgrading project would take place within a PPP construction. e Refers to the eight types presented in Table 5.1. The classification of squares is based on function (4) and actors (5). f Refers to the size of the square. Because detailed data from the land register is costly to obtain, and own calculations on the basis of ground maps would not be very accurate, the size is not indicated in m 2 , but in four categories: small (S), medium (M), large (L), and extra-large (XL). Small squares are less than 2,500m 2 ; medium squares are between 2,500 and 5,000m 2 ; large squares between 5,000 and 10,000m 2 ; and extra-large squares are over 10,000m 2 . The size is estimated on the basis of street maps of the cities. g Refers to the year the upgrading project was finished, which – especially in large-scale refurbishments – is often not the same year as the start of the project. Cases indicated with an asterisk (*) are projects that are not finished yet; the year specifies the expected time of realisation. 201
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Changing public space The recent re
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Changing public space
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Netherlands Geographical Studies 37
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Contents Figures 9 Tables 11 Voorwo
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7 Fear and fantasy in the cases 147
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Figures 1.1 Outline of the thesis 2
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Tables 2.1 Development of European
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Voorwoord Al reizend ervaart men he
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1 Changing role of public space in
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23 per cent of the geographical pub
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Mentzel (1993: 104):* the place whe
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home country but also evaluate publ
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1. How have the design and manageme
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and agency as complementary forces
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of public space, it could also make
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2 Development and typology of Dutch
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periods, the table illustrates the
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Figure 2.1 The Vismarkt (fish marke
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1985 on behest of the communist lea
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Figure 2.2 Neude in Utrecht in 1989
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(Prak, 2002; Meyer et al., 2006). B
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ecause its situation has altered th
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connection can also be less clear-c
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can also explain why certain square
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3 Current trends in the design and
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Figure 3.1 Sign of CCTV in Barcelon
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easy access (Lofland, 1998). This c
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how entertainment has gone through
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Figure 3.2 The Beestenmarkt in Delf
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Dynamics in production structures
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surveillance cameras, their operato
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at redeveloped derelict sites that
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4 Private-sector involvement in the
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urban policy in the 1980s after an
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(1989) defines as the transformatio
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3. A shift from public sector to pr
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through a blend of architectural de
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4.3.1 Role and objectives of local
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uildings and to emphasise that they
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increase in the number of rules or
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for the dispossessed, which Mitchel
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process (i.e., longer duration, mor
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5 Research design and methodology I
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Figure 5.1 Cultural square: Museump
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(Slager, 2007). There are also hybr
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5.2.2 Inventory of Dutch city squar
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Table 5.3 Research objects in the n
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Appendix C consists of an interview
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concepts have been specified in six
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Figure 5.7 Permanent stage on the G
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6 Urban policy and spatial structur
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document to stimulate the diversifi
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six museums in the area, which were
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emphasises the need for well-connec
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Figure 6.2 Schouwburgplein Central
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Table 6.3 Timeline of developments
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Figure 6.4 Beurstraverse Bijenkorf
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Table 6.4 Policies and changes in p
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The Spuiboulevard was the first pro
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Table 6.5 Timeline of developments
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is unclear when the real redevelopm
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Figure 6.9 Statenplein Scheffersple
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success to a strong project leader,
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6.4.1 Policy and structure in Ensch
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Figure 6.12 Oude Markt 7021 Stadsgr
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the market. However, the market ass
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etail stores. The Van Heekplein thu
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After all actors were involved and
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government realised it needed to pr
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compared to 36 per cent in 2000. Th
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this therefore also includes the Pe
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Figure 6.19 Loeffplein Bloemenkamp
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Loeffplein and the Stoa (Figure 6.1
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problems). In addition, it appointe
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7 Fear and fantasy in the cases 7.1
Page 151 and 152: cafés. The members of the consorti
Page 153 and 154: esidential square located outside t
Page 155 and 156: also perceive it that way; they eva
Page 157 and 158: comprised of many stores with a ‘
Page 159 and 160: actors involved in the cases in mor
Page 161 and 162: confirms the work of several author
Page 163 and 164: 8 Private-sector involvement in the
Page 165 and 166: 8.2.1 Role and objectives of the lo
Page 167 and 168: Discussions during the focus group
Page 169 and 170: and investors hardly contribute to
Page 171 and 172: the architects responsible for the
Page 173 and 174: 2) a decrease in the free access of
Page 175 and 176: There is also a compulsive pressure
Page 177 and 178: they argued that property owners ar
Page 179 and 180: They were all refuted until V&D and
Page 181 and 182: In addition to a longer duration, p
Page 183 and 184: In a similar vein, one informant em
Page 185 and 186: 9 Conclusions, reflections, and imp
Page 187 and 188: were laid out in the 1950s as parts
Page 189 and 190: ‘supply side’. This includes th
Page 191 and 192: Van Heekplein (i.e., Foruminvest, H
Page 193 and 194: edevelopment of the PPP squares was
Page 195 and 196: more restricted due to private-sect
Page 197 and 198: Glossary Chief Government Architect
Page 199 and 200: Appendix A Interviews and focus gro
Page 201: Table A.5 Case-study interviews on
Page 205 and 206: 2. Object: changes in the design an
Page 207 and 208: Capacities: Role of investor Respon
Page 209 and 210: Table E.2 Main Dutch investors invo
Page 211 and 212: Samenvatting Veranderende openbare
Page 213 and 214: Beurstraverse. Het Van Heekplein in
Page 215 and 216: in hun eigendom, maar ook in de rui
Page 217 and 218: uimte leiden. Tenslotte kunnen de b
Page 219 and 220: References Aarts, M., ed. (1995), E
Page 221 and 222: Burgers, J. (2003), De historische
Page 223 and 224: Gemeente Enschede (1999), H.J. van
Page 225 and 226: Ibelings, H. (2004), Geprivatiseerd
Page 227 and 228: Mitchell, D. (2001), Postmodern geo
Page 229 and 230: Rishbeth, C. & N. Finney (2006), No
Page 231 and 232: Van de Wiel, J. (1996), De winkelfu
Page 233 and 234: Curriculum vitae Rianne van Melik w
Page 235 and 236: NEDERLANDSE GEOGRAFISCHE STUDIES /
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Changing public space

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