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IMAGING TOF RANGE CAMERAS 159 6.2 2D range camera We describe the line range camera in this section. This is the first non-scanning, imaging TOF range camera that is based on a customized PhotoASIC. This PhotoASIC is a line arrangement of the 1-tap pixel introduced and characterized in Chapter 5. Before introducing the camera setup and the first measured distance profiles, we first give a rough overview of the sensor architecture. 6.2.1 108 pixel lock-in line sensor So far, in Chapter 5, we have only described the 1-tap pixel itself. Here we discuss the line array arrangement of the pixel. Chip layout and architecture The lock-in line sensor was fabricated in ORBIT 2.0 µm CMOS/CCD technology using the American MOSIS (http://www.mosis.com) prototyping program The chip size is 2 mm by 2 mm (TINY), which allows the realization of 108 pixels. The pixel pitch is 16 µm, limited by the minimum pitch of the address decoder (design rule limited), which is used to readout the pixel of interest. Due to its extension in the horizontal direction, the realization of the lock-in line left a lot remaining space in the vertical direction. We used this available free space to connect the light sensitive demodulation part of each pixel to a 16 stage 4-phase CCD line that is accessed by the address decoder at the bottom end. This CCD line offers additional flexibility to acquire and store several “line-images” before reading out the sensor. (For our measurements we did not make use of this feature). The architectural overview of the 108-pixel lock-in line is shown in Figure 6.5 together with a micrograph of the sensor.
160 CHAPTER 6 address 0000000 (F6..F0) photo gates 7 bit address decoder address 1101110 (F6..F0) Figure 6.5 TOF line detector: 108 one-tap pixels accessed by a 7-bit address decoder. Top: architectural overview, bottom: micrograph of the chip. Line arrangement of pixels: RC string The arrangement of 1-tap pixels in a line leads to a problem that must not be neglected. Since all CCD gates driven by one signal driver are connected in series, the result is a relatively long and narrow polysilicon strip, which has to be interpreted as an RC string (c.f. Figure 6.6).
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3D Time-of-flight distance measurem
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To my parents
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Meinen Eltern
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II 4. Power budget and resolution l
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Abstract Since we are living in a t
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centimeter accuracy. With the singl
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X Eine elegantere Methode zur Entfe
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INTRODUCTION 1 1. Introduction One
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INTRODUCTION 3 light source observe
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INTRODUCTION 5 Propagation time, ho
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INTRODUCTION 7 Chapter 3 gives a sh
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OPTICAL TOF RANGE MEASUREMENT 9 2.
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OPTICAL TOF RANGE MEASUREMENT 45 1
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50 CHAPTER 3 the smearing effect, r
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52 CHAPTER 3 3.1 Silicon properties
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54 CHAPTER 3 (a) Figure 3.3 Optical
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56 CHAPTER 3 Quantum efficiency in
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58 CHAPTER 3 The different operatio
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60 CHAPTER 3 (a) (b) Depletion widt
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62 CHAPTER 3 Very special processes
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64 CHAPTER 3 1 kT Dn = ⋅ vth ⋅
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66 CHAPTER 3 The proportionality fa
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68 CHAPTER 3 difference of only 1 V
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70 CHAPTER 3 Flicker noise is cause
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72 CHAPTER 3 A s = sf ⋅ q C ⎡ V
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74 CHAPTER 3 amount of the charge p
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76 CHAPTER 3 substrate (Equation 3.
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78 CHAPTER 3 charge carriers the CT
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80 CHAPTER 3 without causing short
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82 CHAPTER 3 Over an address decode
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84 CHAPTER 3 Orbit’s 2.0µm CMOS/
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86 CHAPTER 4 Figure 4.1 P lens Lamb
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88 CHAPTER 4 Required optical power
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90 CHAPTER 4 4.2 Noise limitation o
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92 CHAPTER 4 number of pseudo-backg
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94 CHAPTER 4 Cmod = 1 QE(λ) = 0.65
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96 CHAPTER 4 Range accuracy (std) i
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DEMODULATION PIXELS IN CMOS/CCD 99
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Page 220 and 221: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 203 Acknowledgments
Page 222: 206 Publication list 1. R. Lange, P
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