3D Time-of-flight distance measurement with custom - Universität ...

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SOLID-STATE IMAGE SENSING 81 3.3 Active pixel sensors: CMOS APS A possible realization of a CMOS APS sensor is shown in Figure 3.23. It is based on a photodiode that is reversely biased by connecting it to a reset source over the active channel of an MOS switch, the reset transistor. After this reset operation, the reset switch is opened and the photodiode floats. Optically generated free charge carriers now lead to a decrease in diode potential. Since the diode is also connected to the gate of a source follower transistor, the change in the diode potential leads to a change in conductivity of this transistor. 1 Pixel VSS p+ RESET0 RSEL0 RG: column reset VRS n+ n+ RESET1 RSEL1 RSEL p-substrate VDD RESET2 RSEL2 Figure 3.23 Concept of a CMOS APS imager. BIAS_C CSEL0 BIAS_C CSEL1 BIAS_C CSEL2 BIAS_C BIAS_A CSEL VDD BIAS_A OUT OUT
82 CHAPTER 3 Over an address decoder matrix each pixel can be accessed individually by activating the corresponding row select and column select transistor switches. In this way each in-pixel source follower transistor can selectively be switched into a complete 2 stage source follower stage and change the output signal by it’s light dependent conductivity. CMOS APS, however, is not necessarily restricted to photodiodes; the light sensitive areas could also be realized as photogates [FOS] or even some CCD structures (see Chapter 5). APS only describes the principle of realizing active pixels, that means pixels with an active stage (buffer transistor). What has made CMOS APS a serious competitor on the imager market is above all the (more or less) unmodified use of relatively cheap, widely available CMOS processes. Not only are they available for prototyping services, enabling widely spread research activity in this area, but they also benefit from the steady process development driven by other industries (mainly computers). For the customer, essential arguments for using CMOS sensors instead of CCD is their low price, high functionality (digital cameras on a chip), low voltage (1.2V-5V) and extremely low power consumption (20mW) [EMM]. Also they do not require elaborate driving electronics but can be directly controlled by microcontroller, DSP or FPGA logic.
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3D Time-of-flight distance measurem
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To my parents
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Meinen Eltern
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II 4. Power budget and resolution l
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Abstract Since we are living in a t
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centimeter accuracy. With the singl
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X Eine elegantere Methode zur Entfe
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INTRODUCTION 1 1. Introduction One
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INTRODUCTION 3 light source observe
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INTRODUCTION 5 Propagation time, ho
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INTRODUCTION 7 Chapter 3 gives a sh
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OPTICAL TOF RANGE MEASUREMENT 9 2.
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OPTICAL TOF RANGE MEASUREMENT 11 2.
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OPTICAL TOF RANGE MEASUREMENT 15 hi
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OPTICAL TOF RANGE MEASUREMENT 17 Pu
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OPTICAL TOF RANGE MEASUREMENT 19 Ad
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OPTICAL TOF RANGE MEASUREMENT 21 pr
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OPTICAL TOF RANGE MEASUREMENT 23 wh
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OPTICAL TOF RANGE MEASUREMENT 25 δ
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OPTICAL TOF RANGE MEASUREMENT 27 c(
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OPTICAL TOF RANGE MEASUREMENT 29 A
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Page 69 and 70: 52 CHAPTER 3 3.1 Silicon properties
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Page 73 and 74: 56 CHAPTER 3 Quantum efficiency in
Page 75 and 76: 58 CHAPTER 3 The different operatio
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Page 79 and 80: 62 CHAPTER 3 Very special processes
Page 81 and 82: 64 CHAPTER 3 1 kT Dn = ⋅ vth ⋅
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Page 87 and 88: 70 CHAPTER 3 Flicker noise is cause
Page 89 and 90: 72 CHAPTER 3 A s = sf ⋅ q C ⎡ V
Page 91 and 92: 74 CHAPTER 3 amount of the charge p
Page 93 and 94: 76 CHAPTER 3 substrate (Equation 3.
Page 95 and 96: 78 CHAPTER 3 charge carriers the CT
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Page 111 and 112: 94 CHAPTER 4 Cmod = 1 QE(λ) = 0.65
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DEMODULATION PIXELS IN CMOS/CCD 131
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IMAGING TOF RANGE CAMERAS 151 6. Im
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IMAGING TOF RANGE CAMERAS 153 contr
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IMAGING TOF RANGE CAMERAS 155 6.1.2
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IMAGING TOF RANGE CAMERAS 157 gate
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IMAGING TOF RANGE CAMERAS 159 6.2 2
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IMAGING TOF RANGE CAMERAS 161 n+ di
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IMAGING TOF RANGE CAMERAS 163 pixel
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IMAGING TOF RANGE CAMERAS 165 Power
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IMAGING TOF RANGE CAMERAS 167 Delay
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IMAGING TOF RANGE CAMERAS 169 6.3 3
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IMAGING TOF RANGE CAMERAS 171 Gate
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IMAGING TOF RANGE CAMERAS 173 Bound
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IMAGING TOF RANGE CAMERAS 175 Figur
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IMAGING TOF RANGE CAMERAS 177 Final
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IMAGING TOF RANGE CAMERAS 179 #5 #6
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SUMMARY AND PERSPECTIVE 181 7. Summ
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SUMMARY AND PERSPECTIVE 183 into th
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SUMMARY AND PERSPECTIVE 185 or phas
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188 CHAPTER 8 8.2 Typical parameter
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190 CHAPTER 8 Spectral luminous int
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192 CHAPTER 8 MCD03S: Conditions SC
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194 CHAPTER 8 MCD06S: Measurement c
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196 [BRK] Brockhaus, “Naturwissen
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198 [KAI] I. Kaisto, et al., “Opt
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200 [SP1] T. Spirig et al., “The
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 203 Acknowledgments
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206 Publication list 1. R. Lange, P
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