samoqalaqo sazogadoeba - Center for Social Sciences

expected to be produced by society itself. This creates asymmetry between liberal and republican
components of democracy, and tension between global and local civil societies.
d. Substantial or procedural: two concepts of civil society. Finally, one can say, that there are two
main approaches towards thinking of civil society in Georgia: according to one, civil society is
mostly NGO community; according to other, civil society is all society, producing political and civic
discourses in a somehow non-institutionalized form. These two approaches represent important
political division, according to which major political perceptions and struggles in political realm can
be traced.
e. Political perceptions of Georgian population. In this chapter are presented results of research,
carried out by the author in 2004. This research identified, that there exist 4 ideal-type political
discourses in Georgia, which can serve as a good basis for pluralist civil society development.
These discourses reflect “civil”, rather than “political” perceptions, in a sense that they are general
and basic. They correspond to the two basic dichotomic divisions: one is traditionalisantitraditionalis
division, and other is procedural –substantional division.
Literature:
John S. Dryzek, Leslie Holmes, 2002, Post-communist Democratization. Political Discourses
Across Thirteen Countries, New York: Cambridge University Press. Chapter on Georgia
m. musxeliSvili. “demokratizaciis” avangardi. broSuraSi “arasamTavrobo organizaciebis
sazogadoebrivi imiji saqarTveloSi”, sadiskusio naSromebi, 2(8) CIPDD, CAP, Tbilisi, 2003, 12
gv.
m. musxeliSvili. demokratia rogorc komunizmi: meTodologiuri SezRudvebi demokratizaciis
Seswavlasa da demokratizaciis praqtikul ganxorcielebaSi. “epoqa”, N 3, sazogadoebis kvlevis
centri, 2003
Джордж Сорос, Мыльный пузырь американского превосходства. На что следует направить
американскую мощь. Альпина Бизнес Букс, Москва 2004
Marc Morjй Howard The Weakness of Civil Society in Post-Communist Europe Cambridge
University Press; (2003)
M.Muskhelishvili, Civil Society (in Georgian), brochure, Center for Social Studies, Tbilisi, 2000,
pp.37-47
LECTURE 11. MASS MEDIA SYSTEMS: COMPARATIVE ANALYSES, THREE IDEAL TYPES
OF SYSTEM AND THREE IDEAL TYPE DISCOURSES
Mass Medias systems, as well as political institutions of developed democracies are not identical.
Using comparative analyses, one can identify groups of countries, having similar systems.
Developed democracies of Europe and North America, according to their media systems, can be
classified into three groups, with the following models of media: liberal, democratic corporativist
and polarized pluralist. Southern Europe has polarized pluralist model of media, in which
politization of media is high, press circulation low, state influence strong and journalists
professionally not protected from manipulation and instumentalization. New democracies in Latin
America and Eastern Europe have similar models, and Georgia can be to some extend be
attributed to the same model of media.
Three institutional models of media correspond, as it is shown, to the three predominant discursive
ethics, discussed above. Liberal media system has neutral, fact-based normative ideal of
journalism, in which it is expected that media is producing empirical and analytical information,
something, that can be evaluated by single critical mind of consumer. Democratic corporativist
model provides auditory not only with information, but also with political vision. However this
political standpoint is to some extend tolerant, because its legitimation is based on representation
of the part of society, which means, that other parts of society are equally legitimate. In this model
consensual aspects of governance are important, leading to the legitimation by all, i.e. republican
119