Net Werk voor de Geschiedenis van Hygiene en Milieu, 1999-2001 ...
Net Werk voor de Geschiedenis van Hygiene en Milieu, 1999-2001 ...
Net Werk voor de Geschiedenis van Hygiene en Milieu, 1999-2001 ...
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Bosgeschie<strong>de</strong>nis<br />
Confer<strong>en</strong>tie in Flor<strong>en</strong>ce<br />
18-23 mei 1998<br />
International Confer<strong>en</strong>ce History<br />
and forest resources. During the last<br />
few years forest history has <strong>de</strong>dicated<br />
increasing att<strong>en</strong>tion to the evolution<br />
of the forest <strong>en</strong>vironm<strong>en</strong>t in<br />
relation to social and-economic <strong>de</strong>velopm<strong>en</strong>t.<br />
However, aspects such<br />
as the need for wood and its market,<br />
farming and cattle breeding,<br />
the evolution of forest techniques,<br />
had quite differ<strong>en</strong>t effects on forest<br />
ecosystems according to processes,<br />
systems and practices involved in<br />
these activities. It is therefore necessary<br />
to give more att<strong>en</strong>tion to the<br />
scale of the investigations. Local<br />
scale, up to individual woods, allows<br />
the use of differ<strong>en</strong>t sources<br />
(writt<strong>en</strong> docum<strong>en</strong>ts, iconography,<br />
material evi<strong>de</strong>nces, oral interviews,<br />
etc.), but it should be possible to<br />
integrate differ<strong>en</strong>t investigation<br />
levels, consi<strong>de</strong>ring also g<strong>en</strong>eral<br />
problems. In this way the historical<br />
analyses of <strong>en</strong>vironm<strong>en</strong>tal, social<br />
and political factors influ<strong>en</strong>cing<br />
the forest - in time and space - will<br />
contribute more effectively to the<br />
managem<strong>en</strong>t and <strong>de</strong>velopm<strong>en</strong>t of<br />
forest resources.<br />
International Union of Forestry<br />
Research, Acca<strong>de</strong>mia Italiana Di<br />
Sci<strong>en</strong>ze Forestali.<br />
Organisation: Dr. Mauro Agnoletti,<br />
Chairman, IUFRO, S6.07.02<br />
Istituto di Assestam<strong>en</strong>to e Tecnologia<br />
Forestale, Università di Fir<strong>en</strong>ze,<br />
Via San Bonav<strong>en</strong>tura 13,<br />
50145, Fir<strong>en</strong>ze. .<br />
tel + 55 + 3023140-30231276<br />
fax + 55 + 3 1 9179<br />
e-mail: agnoletti@cesit1.unifi.it<br />
Secr.: Mrs. Gio<strong>van</strong>na Puccioni,<br />
Acca<strong>de</strong>mia Italiana di Sci<strong>en</strong>ze Forestali<br />
Piazza Edison 11, 50133 Fir<strong>en</strong>ze.<br />
tel. + 55 + 570348<br />
fax + 55 + 575724<br />
Friday we will go to the castle of<br />
Gargonza (XIIIc.), located 69 km<br />
south of Flor<strong>en</strong>ce on the western<br />
hills of the Valdichiana valley, in<br />
the province of Arezzo. We will<br />
pres<strong>en</strong>t a project for a managem<strong>en</strong>t<br />
plan which takes into account the<br />
historical value of the landscape,<br />
the evolution of the forest vegetation,<br />
and the social and economic<br />
situation.<br />
Saturday: other sessions or a visit<br />
to the forest and the Abbey of Vallombrosa,<br />
where the first Italian<br />
school of forestry was foun<strong>de</strong>d in<br />
1869, and there are still the botanic<br />
gar<strong>de</strong>ns.<br />
60<br />
contactblad <strong>van</strong> <strong>de</strong><br />
stichting net werk <strong>voor</strong> <strong>de</strong><br />
840-841<br />
geschie<strong>de</strong>nis <strong>van</strong> hygiëne <strong>en</strong> milieu<br />
redactie: myriam d a r u<br />
webversie: jan <strong>van</strong> <strong>de</strong>n n o o r t<br />
10<br />
11<br />
Ecologische geschie<strong>de</strong>nis<br />
<strong>van</strong> Schotland<br />
Jan- Willem Oosthoek, als postgraduate<br />
stu<strong>de</strong>nt in Schotland werkzaam,<br />
geeft e<strong>en</strong> overzicht <strong>van</strong> rec<strong>en</strong>te<br />
ontwikkeling<strong>en</strong> <strong>van</strong> <strong>de</strong> ecologische<br />
geschie<strong>de</strong>nis <strong>van</strong> Schotland.<br />
Schotland behoort tot e<strong>en</strong> <strong>van</strong> <strong>de</strong><br />
dunst bevolkte gebie<strong>de</strong>n in noordwest<br />
Europa. Het afwissel<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong> landschap<br />
<strong>van</strong> eilan<strong>de</strong>n, hooglan<strong>de</strong>n<br />
<strong>en</strong> laaglan<strong>de</strong>n, doorsne<strong>de</strong>n door<br />
mean<strong>de</strong>r<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong> bek<strong>en</strong> <strong>en</strong> langgerekte<br />
lochs, lijkt <strong>voor</strong> vel<strong>en</strong> ongerept. Toch<br />
is Schotland niet zo ongerept als het<br />
ruwe <strong>en</strong> lege landschap doet vermoe<strong>de</strong>n.<br />
Het is gedur<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong> duiz<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong>n<br />
jar<strong>en</strong> gevormd door e<strong>en</strong> sam<strong>en</strong>spel<br />
tuss<strong>en</strong> m<strong>en</strong>s <strong>en</strong> natuur. Hierdoor<br />
zijn <strong>de</strong> oorspronkelijke boss<strong>en</strong> allang<br />
verdw<strong>en</strong><strong>en</strong> <strong>en</strong> is het heuvelland<br />
sinds lang het domein <strong>van</strong> graz<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong><br />
schap<strong>en</strong>. Hoe dit allemaal zo heeft<br />
kunn<strong>en</strong> kom<strong>en</strong> is al <strong>de</strong>c<strong>en</strong>nia lang<br />
e<strong>en</strong> belangrijk discussiepunt <strong>voor</strong><br />
geograf<strong>en</strong>, biolog<strong>en</strong> <strong>en</strong> archeolog<strong>en</strong>.<br />
Rec<strong>en</strong>t hebb<strong>en</strong> zich ook historici in<br />
dit <strong>de</strong>bat over <strong>de</strong> ontwikkeling <strong>van</strong><br />
het Schotse landschap gem<strong>en</strong>gd. E<strong>en</strong><br />
bibliografisch overzicht <strong>van</strong> ecologisch<br />
historische thema’s in Schotland<br />
volgt hier.<br />
Boss<strong>en</strong> nem<strong>en</strong> al sinds <strong>de</strong> vorige<br />
eeuw e<strong>en</strong> <strong>voor</strong>name plaats in binn<strong>en</strong><br />
discussies over <strong>de</strong> invloed <strong>van</strong><br />
<strong>de</strong> m<strong>en</strong>s op het Schotse landschap<br />
<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong> natuur. In 1886 publiceer<strong>de</strong>n<br />
Macadam <strong>en</strong> Kemp over houtskool<br />
gestookte ijzersmelterij<strong>en</strong> in Schotland<br />
gedur<strong>en</strong><strong>de</strong> <strong>de</strong> 18e eeuw. Zij<br />
leg<strong>de</strong>n e<strong>en</strong> direct verband tuss<strong>en</strong> het<br />
gebruik <strong>van</strong> houtskool <strong>en</strong> ontbossing<br />
in <strong>de</strong> Highlands. Deze conclusie<br />
is overg<strong>en</strong>om<strong>en</strong> <strong>en</strong> gepopulariseerd<br />
door <strong>de</strong> geoloog Ca<strong>de</strong>ll in zijn Story<br />
of the Forth (Ca<strong>de</strong>ll 1913) <strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong><br />
Zooloog James Ritchie, die in <strong>de</strong> jar<strong>en</strong><br />
twintig e<strong>en</strong> boek over <strong>de</strong> invloed<br />
<strong>van</strong> m<strong>en</strong>selijke activiteit op <strong>de</strong> fauna<br />
in Schotland publiceer<strong>de</strong> (Ritchie<br />
1921). In jar<strong>en</strong> veertig <strong>en</strong> vijftig wer<strong>de</strong>n<br />
<strong>de</strong>ze i<strong>de</strong>eën ver<strong>de</strong>r uitgewerkt<br />
<strong>en</strong> verspreid door <strong>de</strong> invloedrijke<br />
bioloog Frank Fraser Dading (Dading<br />
1949, 1968). Rond diezelf<strong>de</strong><br />
tijd br<strong>en</strong>g<strong>en</strong> <strong>de</strong> bosbouwkundig<strong>en</strong><br />
Stev<strong>en</strong> <strong>en</strong> Carlisle <strong>de</strong> overblijfsel<strong>en</strong><br />
<strong>van</strong> ou<strong>de</strong> Scots pine boss<strong>en</strong> on<strong>de</strong>r<br />
<strong>de</strong> aandacht <strong>van</strong> landschapshistorici<br />
<strong>en</strong> bosbouwkundig<strong>en</strong> (Stev<strong>en</strong> 1951;<br />
Stev<strong>en</strong> & Carlisle 1959).<br />
In <strong>de</strong> jar<strong>en</strong> zestig <strong>en</strong> zev<strong>en</strong>tig wordt<br />
Schotland het terrein <strong>voor</strong> phytolog<strong>en</strong><br />
<strong>en</strong> archeolog<strong>en</strong> met e<strong>en</strong> speciale<br />
belangstelling <strong>voor</strong> ecologische aspect<strong>en</strong><br />
<strong>van</strong> m<strong>en</strong>selijke bewoning. Dit<br />
resulteert in 1982 in <strong>de</strong> publicatie<br />
<strong>van</strong> e<strong>en</strong> boek met <strong>de</strong> gewaag<strong>de</strong> titel<br />
Scotland’s <strong>en</strong>vironm<strong>en</strong>t during the<br />
last 30.000 years (Price 1983). Maar<br />
het zou tot begin jar<strong>en</strong> neg<strong>en</strong>tig dur<strong>en</strong><br />
<strong>voor</strong>dat er meer studies op het<br />
gebied <strong>van</strong> landgebruik, bosgeschie<strong>de</strong>nis<br />
<strong>en</strong> over ethische aspect<strong>en</strong> <strong>van</strong><br />
natuurbescherming <strong>en</strong> -behoud in<br />
Schotland beschikbaar kwam<strong>en</strong> (Bachell<br />
1991; Dickson 1993; Smout<br />
10 <strong>Net</strong> <strong>Werk</strong> 60 - april 1998<br />
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