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ureaucracy would be created to handle these aspects. W. E. SIEBECK Another problem with such proposals is that in most cases it is not clear what shall be protected. For an intellectual property right the subject-matter to be protected and the scope of such protection have to be known (and in the case of a patent to be disclosed). Information to be protected as farmers' rights would be unspecific, and often be expected to cover unknown traits. While again it would not be inconceivable to design such a right, the defense of such right would seem extremely difficult. Unfortunately, the protracted debates in FAO about farmers' rights as an intellectual property right distracted attention from the need to translate a valid equity based concept into an operative formula. There seem basically three options available for doing this: The first option would be a commercial one. It would take its cue from the mentioned Costa Rica arrangement with Merck & Co and would require countries that want to supply their germplasm to put a marketing infrastructure in place. They would collect, screen, characterize and catalogue their material and store it in a genebank. Few developing countries have so far attempted to do so in a systematic fashion. A second option would be to allow the continued exchange of germplasm, including collection in countries of origin (and later releases of such material to users from genebanks) if it is understood that any revenues will have to be shared with the country of origin. This is basically the philosophy underlying the Biodiversity Convention. The concern is that with all the safeguards and conditions the Convention prescribes for transfer arrangements, the country of origin will be left to its own devices to fend for its claims, and may often not have the wherewithal (for lack of information and funds) to do so. The third option is the one discussed in FAO: a fund to be fed from contributions from the industrial countries, either from an ear-marked tax (e.g. on seed sales), or additional aid payments. The current mood in developed countries would not seem to support either proposal. One should also doubt whether a mechanism (such as a steering committee) to oversee the allocation of the proceeds from such a fund would be able to channel them to those who have done most for the conservation of biodiversity. More likely, such decisions will be made on political grounds, and funds would reward the wrong recipients. The preferred solution should try to combine options one and two: it would encourage countries to market their germplasm on their own terms, while facilitating benefit-sharing for all others. 7 Final Remarks The Convention provides a framework for international collaboration in the conservation of biological diversity. Protocols remain to be negotiated between countries on access to genetic resources and technology transfer. Its success will depend on the spirit and attitude with which countries pursue its implementation. If this takes place in an adversarial spirit, the consequences,
Survey of property rights and conditions of access to genetic resources on the international level particularly limitations on, and excessive controls over, the flow of genetic material would hurt developing and developed countries alike. If, however, all parties convince themselves that they are partners in this venture, and that their mutual interests are best served by collaborating in implementing the Convention, concerns about restrictions on the flow of genetic material should prove invalid. The challenge to feed the world's growing population within a sustainable and liveable environment hardly leaves a choice. References ANDERSON, JOCK R., R.W. HERDT, G.M. SCOBIE. Science and Food. The CGIAR and its Partners. World Bank, Washington, D.C., 1988. TECHNICAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE OF THE CGIAR (TAC) „CGIAR Poliy on Plant Genetic Resources" Document AGR/TAC:IAR/88/4. Rome, February 1988. UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME (UNEP) Convention on Biological Diversity. 5 June 1992. Doc. Na.92-7807. UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME (UNEP) Conference for the Adoption of the Agreed Text of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Nairobi Final Act, Doc. Na.92-8138. UNITED NATIONS FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION (FAO) Report of the Conference of FAO, Twenty-second Session, Rome 1983. UNITED NATIONS FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION (FAO) Report of the Conference of FAO, Twenty-fifth Session, Rome 1989. UNITED NATIONS FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION (FAO) Report of the Conference of FAO, Twenty-sixth Session, Rome 1991.
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