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20 CONTROL OF APPLE SCAB IN ORGANIC FARMING Anna La Torre, Lucia Donnarumma, Daniele Lolletti, Giancarlo Imbrogli ni Istituto Sperimentale per la Patologia Vegetale – Via C. G. Bartero, 22 - Roma Introduction Apple scab, which is caused by Venturia inequalis (Cke.) Wint., is considered the mayor disease of apple. In organic agriculture, formulations of synthetic origin for defence are not admitted and plant protection is essentially based on the use of mineral products as copper and sulphur. Copper is more effective than sulphur (sulphur is ineffective at below 10°C, phytotoxic over 28°C and it has greater persistence). Use of copper involves several problems: it accumulates in soil, causes phytotoxicity phenomena, when employed on full vegetation, it gives rust phenomena on some varieties of apples. It is necessary to find protection alternatives strategies, limiting the negative effects of use formulations of this element and assuring, at the same time, sufficient protection against the diseases. Fig. 1: - Spilocea pomi conidia Fig. 2: - Experimental field Materials and Methods The trial has been done in a farm near Latina (Latium, central Italy), which as been converted, in 1993, to the method of organic farming (cv Royal Gala grafted on M9). Treatments and doses are indicated in table 1. Some compounds, for their formulation, release low amounts of copper. They are: Cuivrol, commercialized like fertiliser (18% of copper metal); Cuprobenton, composed by copper oxychloride and copper sulfate hydrate (15% of copper metal) coformulated with benthic clay (70%); Blue Copper Formula 2, made up with copper hydroxide (24% in shape of crystals of the dimension of 0,35 mµ). As alternative products have been tested Myco-sin (sulphureous clay, yeasts, equisetum extracts) and calcium polysulphide. The trials have been conducted as recommended in EPPO/OEPP PP 1/5(3). The esteem of the infectious risk has been assessed on the Mills criteria, monitoring instrumentally the climatic parameters by a thermoigrograph and a pluviometer. The assessments to estimate therapeutic efficacy have been carried out on 4 central plants of every parcel estimating the number of leaves for every treatment and percentage of leaves surface interested by apple scab, using a scale with 5 classes of attack. Results obtained, after arc sin trasformation, have been evaluated by Duncan test. PDF creato con FinePrint pdfFactory versione dimostrativa http://www.secom.re.it/fineprint 106
Table 1 – Fungicides used during the trial Active ingredient Commercial Formula a.s. % o Dose f. c. Dose a.s. Dose Cu formula g/l ml - g/hl g/hl ++ g/hl Copper oxycloride Copper Pro 50 Water-dispersible 50 700; 600; 400; 350; 300; 350; 300; WDG granules 340; 288; 200; 200; 170; 200; 170; 100 144; 100; 144; 100, (WDG) 50 50 Copper oxycloride, Cuprobenton DC Wettable powder 25 1100; 500 275; 125 165;75 Copper sulfate hydrate 5 55; 25 Copper hydroxide Rame Azzurro Suspension 350 220; 160 77, 56 52,8; 38,4 Formula 2 concentrate Copper metal with B, Mo, Zn Cuivrol Wettable powder 18 700; 300; 270 126; 54; 126;54; 48,6 48,6 Calcium polysulphide Polisenio Liquid 80 18000; 1800;1500 14400; 1440; 1200 Sulphureous clay, leavening Myco-sin* Wettable powder 1500; 1000; 117; 60,8 substances,equisetum extracts 700; 500 *The treatments have been done in accordance with Biagra company: at phenologycal phase “leaf fall” one treatment has been done with Bordeaux mixture (9kg/ha); at “beginning of bud swelling”, “bud burst” and “flowering” treatment with Myco-sin and wettable sulphur; at “bud swelling” “pre-flowering” and “fruit swelling” treatment with Myco-sin and sea-weed; at “fruit setting” one treatment has been done with copper sulfate (4 kg/ha). Results Table 2 shows the development of the infections during the trial and the activity of the various formulations over time. Table 2 – Percentage of infected leaves Treatments Assessment 12/04/00 Assessment 18/05/00 % infect leaves Assessment 20/06/00 Assessment 20/07/00 Assessment 16/08/00 Copper oxycloride 3.5 aA 15.3 aA 25.8 aAB 30.4 aA 33.9 aA Copper oxycloride, Copper sulfate hydrate 4.3 aA 26.7 abAB 33.1 abABC 52.2 bB 53.3 bcBC Copper hydroxide 4.5 aA 17.1 aA 22.9 aA 38.3 aA 43.1 abAB Copper metal with B, Mo, Zn 10.2 aAB 41.7 cBC 46.9 bcABC 61.9 cB 72.5 dD Calcium polysulphide 1.0 aA 34.7 bcABC 45.1 bcABC 56.3 bcB 63.8 cdCD Sulphureous clay, leavening substances,equisetum extracts 7.5 aA 46.9 cCD 48.6 bcBC 61.3 bcB 65.6 cdCD Control 23.1 bB 61.0 dD 51.9 cC 63.4 cB 68.5 dCD Different letters indicate significant different values by Duncan test (for P=0,05, lower-case letters, and for P=0,01 capital letters) PDF creato con FinePrint pdfFactory versione dimostrativa http://www.secom.re.it/fineprint 107
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International Congress BIOLOGICAL P
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15:40-16:20 G. Lozzia Università d
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MAIN SPEAKERS • V. Rotondo FIAO,
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Il settore oggi è regolamentato in
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target botanical synthetic sodium c
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RELIABILITY AND PROSPECTIVES FOR TH
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Vineyard Passive diffusion Spontane
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of the host, a relatively limited n
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LOZZIA G.C., RIGAMONTI I.E., 1994 -
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DIFESA DELLE COLTURE DAI PATOGENI F
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THE FUNGAL PHYTOTOXINS AND THEIR PO
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NEED FOR RESEARCH AND APPROPRIATE A
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PRESENCE OF OCHRATOXIN IN EXPERIMEN
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5. Hohler, D. (1998). Ochratoxin A
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Table 3: Pesticide treatments on
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BIOPESTICIDES: EVALUATION PROCESS F
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Xenorhabdus spp. and Photorhabdus s
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It can be reproduced in vivo at 15
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Vinson, S. B., 1975, Biochemical co
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PROTECTION OF GRAPEVINE FROM POWDER
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I MEZZI TECNICI PER L'AGRICOLTURA B
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POSTER 1. Agosteo G.E., Ambrosio M.
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31. Pietri A., Bertuzzi T., Barbier
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1 PROVE DI LOTTA ALL’OIDIO DELLO
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2 LUPINUS ALBUS, AN ANCIENT EUROPEA
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Table 1. Benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(e
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5 INSETTICIDI D’ORIGINE VEGETALE
Page 55 and 56: Tabella 2. Piretrine: composizione
Page 57 and 58: californicus (fitoseide predatore)
Page 59 and 60: 7 NATURAL COMPOUNDS IN THE CONTROL
Page 61 and 62: 8 METHODS FOR EVALUATION, IN CONTRO
Page 63 and 64: Figure 3. Effect of Pseudomonas sp.
Page 65 and 66: 9 IMPROVEMENT OF SOIL PROPERTIES AN
Page 67 and 68: (mg kg-1) (mg kg-1) 140 120 100 80
Page 69 and 70: 10 NEMATICIDAL ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS
Page 71 and 72: % cumulative hatch 40 35 30 25 20 1
Page 73 and 74: ROTENONE Il principio attivo è est
Page 75 and 76: - azadiractina nei confronti di F.
Page 77 and 78: Recovery and repeatabilty tests wer
Page 79 and 80: 13 IMPIEGO DEL TIMOLO NEL CONTROLLO
Page 81 and 82: dello standard esterno. E’ stata
Page 83 and 84: Tab. III - Residui di timolo(mg/Kg)
Page 85 and 86: phytotoxicity index (%) Results In
Page 87 and 88: 15 ORGANIC WHEAT QUALITY AND PRODUC
Page 89 and 90: 16 IL CONTROLLO DELLA “ MOSCA DEL
Page 91 and 92: Nel primo anno si può notare un an
Page 93 and 94: 17 Il contenimento della ticchiolat
Page 95 and 96: Obtained recoveries percent were: 8
Page 97 and 98: [Pb] (ng/g) 250,00 200,00 150,00 10
Page 99 and 100: Supelco Supelclean LC-18 SPE tubes
Page 101 and 102: 12. Agullo, G.; Gamet, L.; Besson,
Page 103 and 104: Tab. 3 Flavonol content (µg/ml) in
Page 105: mg/L Fig.3 3,50 3,00 2,50 2,00 1,50
Page 109 and 110: Table 3 - Efficacy of different tre
Page 111 and 112: 21 CONTAMINAZIONE DA MICOTOSSINE IN
Page 113 and 114: Ricerca: Aflatossine B1 B1+B2+G1+G2
Page 115 and 116: Campioni non Conformi 3,4 % B1 Camp
Page 117 and 118: 22 PEPTIDATI DI RAME: PRODOTTI INNO
Page 119 and 120: 23 CHARACTERIZATION OF ORGANIC VIRG
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Page 123 and 124: 25 EFFICACY EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICA
Page 125 and 126: Fig. 1 - Effects of Biological Cont
Page 127 and 128: 26 IL CONTROLLO DELLE OPERAZIONI DI
Page 129 and 130: Results and Discussion S. carpocaps
Page 131 and 132: entompathogenic nematodes. CSC-EC E
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Page 135 and 136: FIGURE 3. Insecticidal activity of
Page 137 and 138: Several colonies of Lepidopteran, C
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Page 145 and 146: In our trial organic wheat showed a
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Page 149 and 150: L’ultima parte della ricerca è s
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Page 155 and 156: while for dinocap is 10 pg/µL. For
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[Pb](ng/ml) Figure 1: Pb content of
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