International Congress BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS - Gruppo di ...

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Preparation of the medium (plant or diet) Figure 1 - Breeding process in a commercial insectary. Multiplication of the victim Multiplication of the auxiliary Collection Packaging Product quality control Delivery The high cost involved, together with the need to have a sure market has until now limited considerably the field of use to protected environments which, on the one hand, usually host highly precious and expensive cultures and, on the other, do not allow the dispersion of the antagonists, optimising their efficacy. Among the species to be found in breeding there are numerous Hymenoptera parasitoids as the Aphelinidae Encarsia formosa Gahan, active against whiteflies, or the Eulophidae Diglyphus isaea (Walker) which attacks the Agromyzidae Lyriomiza trifolii (Burgess), and among the predators the Neuroptera Crysopidae Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) an enemy of many aphids and the Phytoseiid mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot an antagonist of spider mites. To be fair, it has to be said that many micro-organisms, in a broad sense, are produced commercially for the same purpose as Bacteria (Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner), fungi (Beauveria bassiana (Bals.)) or Nematodes (Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) and S. carpocapsae (Weiser)). For cultures to be found exclusively in the open field, an example of a nearly optimal situation can be supplied by viticulture, which in the last decades has led to the affirmation of different practices of biological control which cover all the kinds of strategies that have been mentioned above. This evolution has been made easier by the pre-existence of a remarkably complex arthropod coenosys and therefore highly stable (Boller and Remund, 1986; Boller and Basler, 1987). The brief description of the different measures in the following paragraphs allows us to understand what are the lines of research and what is the path that makes the practical enactment possible. The first measure, the elimination of a worrying source, has been the rationalisation of the use of pesticides which, since the 80’s has helped to rebuild the populations of Phytoseiids, predator mites responsible for the biological control of Tetranychidae and Eriophyidae. It has been proved that the choice of products, in particular of fungicides are fundamental for the maintenance of Phytoseiids and since the effects tend to accumulate, even substances which are relatively little toxic can be extremely harmful if they are used repeatedly or in particular moments of the season. However, in answer to specific conditions it may be possible to use active toxic substances as dithiocarbamates, dinocap or powdery sulphur. In this case it is necessary to know the characteristics and the critical moments for the dominating species in the concerned area, since they are different in the various Italian regions. For example, Kampimodromus aberrans (Oudemans) is really sensitive and requires the use of the least harmful active ingredient possible from those on offer. Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten is more tolerant instead but has moments of high sensitivity when it has to be protected fully. In the more northern areas this period coincides with the regrowth of the vegetation, when there are a few females and in addition they are very “stressed” due to the adverse winter conditions. In the more southern areas this normally takes place in the summertime, as T. pyri does not like high temperatures very much. If done correctly, the effects can be limited to a selection pressure which favours the affirmation of the more resistant Phytoseiids without compromising their efficacy. The protection of these predators is furthermore enhanced by the support offered by the practices of habitat management aimed at the diffusion of tree areas. Here, populations of Phytoseiids settle undisturbed which interact with the culture thanks to the passive diffusion of individuals carried over by the air currents and which give the possibility to overcome critical moments through the repopulating of populations decimated by erroneous cultural practices or even by the recolonisation of the culture (figure 2). 12 breeding of the victim PDF creato con FinePrint pdfFactory versione dimostrativa http://www.secom.re.it/fineprint Stock
Vineyard Passive diffusion Spontaneous flora Figure 2 - Phenology of the movements of Phytoseiid populations in the grapevine agroecosystem in Northern Italy. A general presence of trees and shrubs is not the only requirement but well defined elements able to host the interesting species for the culture is. Therefore K. aberrans is abundant in our regions on many hosts (Celtis australis, Corylus avellana, Ficus carica, Fraxinus excelsior) (Duso et al., 1993; Coiutti, 1993) while T. pyri is important only on Rubus fruticosus and Sambucus nigra (Lozzia and Rigamonti, 1990) to be added to Acer spp., Cornus sanguinea, Corylus avellana, Lonicera xylosteum and Ulmus spp. in Switzerland (Boller et al., 1988). At a later stage, measures of environmental management have been proposed, that involve, in different periods of the season, both the natural vegetation and cultivation, able to obtain that Empoasca vitis Goethe be under the danger threshold. The evolution of the process has been long and hard. It has been known for a long time that E. vitis carries out its cycle on different hosts and hibernates on conifers and other evergreen plants different from those that it attacks (Vidano, 1958) and that, starting from the beginning of May, there is a mass migration from the plants where it overwinters towards the cultures as soon as they blossom. The plants that are involved in rapid succession are the following: firstly the apple tree, roses and some stone fruits then the grapevine, which seems to be the favourite plant on which most of the population concentrates (figure 3). 13 Trees Weeds PDF creato con FinePrint pdfFactory versione dimostrativa http://www.secom.re.it/fineprint
Page 1 and 2: International Congress BIOLOGICAL P
Page 3 and 4: 15:40-16:20 G. Lozzia Università d
Page 5 and 6: MAIN SPEAKERS • V. Rotondo FIAO,
Page 7 and 8: Il settore oggi è regolamentato in
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Page 11: RELIABILITY AND PROSPECTIVES FOR TH
Page 15 and 16: of the host, a relatively limited n
Page 17 and 18: LOZZIA G.C., RIGAMONTI I.E., 1994 -
Page 19 and 20: DIFESA DELLE COLTURE DAI PATOGENI F
Page 21 and 22: THE FUNGAL PHYTOTOXINS AND THEIR PO
Page 23 and 24: NEED FOR RESEARCH AND APPROPRIATE A
Page 25 and 26: PRESENCE OF OCHRATOXIN IN EXPERIMEN
Page 27 and 28: 5. Hohler, D. (1998). Ochratoxin A
Page 29 and 30: Table 3: Pesticide treatments on
Page 31 and 32: BIOPESTICIDES: EVALUATION PROCESS F
Page 33 and 34: Xenorhabdus spp. and Photorhabdus s
Page 35 and 36: It can be reproduced in vivo at 15
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Page 39 and 40: PROTECTION OF GRAPEVINE FROM POWDER
Page 41 and 42: I MEZZI TECNICI PER L'AGRICOLTURA B
Page 43 and 44: POSTER 1. Agosteo G.E., Ambrosio M.
Page 45 and 46: 31. Pietri A., Bertuzzi T., Barbier
Page 47 and 48: 1 PROVE DI LOTTA ALL’OIDIO DELLO
Page 49 and 50: 2 LUPINUS ALBUS, AN ANCIENT EUROPEA
Page 51 and 52: Table 1. Benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(e
Page 53 and 54: 5 INSETTICIDI D’ORIGINE VEGETALE
Page 55 and 56: Tabella 2. Piretrine: composizione
Page 57 and 58: californicus (fitoseide predatore)
Page 59 and 60: 7 NATURAL COMPOUNDS IN THE CONTROL
Page 61 and 62: 8 METHODS FOR EVALUATION, IN CONTRO
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Figure 3. Effect of Pseudomonas sp.
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9 IMPROVEMENT OF SOIL PROPERTIES AN
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(mg kg-1) (mg kg-1) 140 120 100 80
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10 NEMATICIDAL ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS
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% cumulative hatch 40 35 30 25 20 1
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ROTENONE Il principio attivo è est
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- azadiractina nei confronti di F.
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Recovery and repeatabilty tests wer
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13 IMPIEGO DEL TIMOLO NEL CONTROLLO
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dello standard esterno. E’ stata
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Tab. III - Residui di timolo(mg/Kg)
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phytotoxicity index (%) Results In
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15 ORGANIC WHEAT QUALITY AND PRODUC
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16 IL CONTROLLO DELLA “ MOSCA DEL
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Nel primo anno si può notare un an
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17 Il contenimento della ticchiolat
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Obtained recoveries percent were: 8
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[Pb] (ng/g) 250,00 200,00 150,00 10
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Supelco Supelclean LC-18 SPE tubes
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12. Agullo, G.; Gamet, L.; Besson,
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Tab. 3 Flavonol content (µg/ml) in
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mg/L Fig.3 3,50 3,00 2,50 2,00 1,50
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Table 1 - Fungicides used during th
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Table 3 - Efficacy of different tre
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21 CONTAMINAZIONE DA MICOTOSSINE IN
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Ricerca: Aflatossine B1 B1+B2+G1+G2
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Campioni non Conformi 3,4 % B1 Camp
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22 PEPTIDATI DI RAME: PRODOTTI INNO
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23 CHARACTERIZATION OF ORGANIC VIRG
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24 CHARACTERIZATION OF ORGANIC VIRG
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25 EFFICACY EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICA
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Fig. 1 - Effects of Biological Cont
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26 IL CONTROLLO DELLE OPERAZIONI DI
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Results and Discussion S. carpocaps
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entompathogenic nematodes. CSC-EC E
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After this preliminary screening an
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FIGURE 3. Insecticidal activity of
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Several colonies of Lepidopteran, C
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M. Scribano research work was suppo
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Nematode isolate % Mortality 3 100
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In our trial organic wheat showed a
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per "strippare" i vapori nitrosi re
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L’ultima parte della ricerca è s
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33 INVESTIGATIONS ON THE BACTERICID
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Vengono qui riportati i risultati d
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while for dinocap is 10 pg/µL. For
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[Pb](ng/ml) Figure 1: Pb content of
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