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- EPN products must be applied to moist soil; EPN’s can survive dry conditions (Womersley, 1990) but cannot search for and locate the insect host. Product Opportunities - The market value; it is important that the market supports growing sales of the newly introduced product at a price that immediately provides a return on the investment of the initial product development. - No chemical available / phytotoxic effects/ chemical not effective; For example, in American cranberry crops no conventional chemical is available to control the Cranberry Girdler Chrysoteuchia topiaria, or strawberry root weevil Otiorhynchus ovatus (L). Growers were limited to using cultural methods to prevent pest damage until an EPN product was developed. In mushroom crops application of insecticides reduced yields. - EPN searching behaviour; in field grown crops it is particularly difficult to apply insecticides at the point where the pest is causing damage. In strawberry plants grown under plastic access to the roots where black vine weevil larvae cause damage can be difficult. However, by applying EPN’s through T-Tape irrigation systems infective juveniles introduced below the soil surface can search for and infect larvae developing in the strawberry roots. - Knowledge of the pest life cycle; expert knowledge obtained from universities and extension services can be used to determine the correct time for product application. It is important that the insect biology is understood to prevent ‘mysterious’ product failures. Product Threats Grower confidence; any change in the product can cause problems with grower confidence. Even a change in the colour of the product container can cause suspicions that something is not quite right with the production system. Product education; in the initial stages of product introduction distributor and grower education is vital. If the growers misuse the product and observe damaged crops it is unlikely that they will continue to take risks on a ‘new’ idea. It is easy for a poor reputation to build up and almost impossible to recover confidence in the market. - Competitive conventional insecticides; the development of new conventional chemicals may address application problems, for example slow release formulations. References Akhurst, RJ and N. Boemare. 1990. Biology and taxonomy of Xenorhabus. In: Entomopathogenic nematodes in biological control R. Gaugler and H.K. Kaya, eds. CRC Press; Boca Raton FL. pp. 75-90. Boemare N., A. Givaudan, M. Brehélin and C. Laumond. 1997. Review article. Symbiosis and pathogenicity of nematode-bacterium complex. Symbiosis Vol. 22: 21-45 Gaugler, R. (1988). Ecological considerations in the biological control of soil-inhabiting insects with entomopathogenic nematodes. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 24 351-360. Bowen D.J., T.A. Rocheleau, M. Blackburn, O. Andreev, E. Golubeva, R. Bhartia, and R.H. ffrench-Constant. 1998. Insecticidal toxin from the bacterium Photorhabdus luminescens. Science. 280. 2129-2132 Gaugler, R. and J. F. Campbell, 1991, Entomopathogenic nematode behavioural response to oxamyl, Ann. appl. Biol. 119, p. 131-138 Georgis, R., Kaya, H.K., and Gaugler, R. (1991). Effect of steinernematid and heterorhabditid nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) on non-target arthropods. Environ. Entomol. 20:815-822. Georgis, R. 1992. Present and future prospects for entomopathogenic nematode products. Biocontrol Science and Technology 2: 83-99. Huey, R. B., and E. R. Pianka, 1981, Ecological consequences of foraging mode, Ecology 62, 991-999. Ng K.K. and Webster J.M.. 1997. Antimycotic activity of Xenorhabdus bovienii (Enterobacteriaceae) metabolites against Phyotophthora infestans on potato plants. Can. J. Plant Pathology 19 (2): 125-136. Park S.H. & Paik S.U. 2001. Novel aliphatic amide having anticancer property. PCT Application WO01/49656 Poinar, G. O., Jr., 1990, Biology and Taxonomy of Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae, In Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Biological Control, R. Gaugler and H. K. Kaya Eds, CRC Press, Boca Raton. pp. 23-58 Ragni A., Valentini F and Fridlender B.1997. “Insecticidal Bacteria”. PCTIL97/00246 Ricci M. and Fridlender B., New entomopathogenic nematodes active at low temperatures. PCT/IL99/00218 Simoes, N. 1994. Virulence factors produced by the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae during parasitism. Proce. of the Vith Intern. Colloquium of Invertebrate Pathology Aug.28-Sept. 2. 1994. Montpellier, France p. 116-119 Vanninen, I., 1990, Depletion of endogenous lipid reserves in Steinernema feltiae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and effect on infectivity, Proceedings and Abstracts of the 5th International Collogium on Invertebrate Pathology and Microbial Control, Adelaide. PDF creato con FinePrint pdfFactory versione dimostrativa http://www.secom.re.it/fineprint 36
Vinson, S. B., 1975, Biochemical coevolution between parasitoids and their hosts, In Evolutionary Strategies of Parasitic Insects and Mites, P. W. Price Ed., Academic Press, New York. Webster J.M & G. Chen. 1999. Dithiolpyrrolones and their corresponding and dioxides as antineoplastic agents. PCT Application WO99/12543. Womersley, C. Z., Dehydration Survival and Anhdrobiotic Potential, 1980. In Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Biological Control, R. Gaugler and H. K. Kaya Eds, CRC Press, Boca Raton. Wouts, W.M., 1980. Biology, life cycle and redescription of Neoaplectana bibionis Bovien, 1937 (Nematoda: Steinernematidae). J. Nematology 12 1 62-72. Zimmermann, G., 1996. Microbial control of vine weevil. Proceedings of the second international workshop on vine weevil (Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fabr.) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Braunschweig, Germany, May 21-23, 1996. PDF creato con FinePrint pdfFactory versione dimostrativa http://www.secom.re.it/fineprint 37
Page 1 and 2: International Congress BIOLOGICAL P
Page 3 and 4: 15:40-16:20 G. Lozzia Università d
Page 5 and 6: MAIN SPEAKERS • V. Rotondo FIAO,
Page 7 and 8: Il settore oggi è regolamentato in
Page 9 and 10: target botanical synthetic sodium c
Page 11 and 12: RELIABILITY AND PROSPECTIVES FOR TH
Page 13 and 14: Vineyard Passive diffusion Spontane
Page 15 and 16: of the host, a relatively limited n
Page 17 and 18: LOZZIA G.C., RIGAMONTI I.E., 1994 -
Page 19 and 20: DIFESA DELLE COLTURE DAI PATOGENI F
Page 21 and 22: THE FUNGAL PHYTOTOXINS AND THEIR PO
Page 23 and 24: NEED FOR RESEARCH AND APPROPRIATE A
Page 25 and 26: PRESENCE OF OCHRATOXIN IN EXPERIMEN
Page 27 and 28: 5. Hohler, D. (1998). Ochratoxin A
Page 29 and 30: Table 3: Pesticide treatments on
Page 31 and 32: BIOPESTICIDES: EVALUATION PROCESS F
Page 33 and 34: Xenorhabdus spp. and Photorhabdus s
Page 35: It can be reproduced in vivo at 15
Page 39 and 40: PROTECTION OF GRAPEVINE FROM POWDER
Page 41 and 42: I MEZZI TECNICI PER L'AGRICOLTURA B
Page 43 and 44: POSTER 1. Agosteo G.E., Ambrosio M.
Page 45 and 46: 31. Pietri A., Bertuzzi T., Barbier
Page 47 and 48: 1 PROVE DI LOTTA ALL’OIDIO DELLO
Page 49 and 50: 2 LUPINUS ALBUS, AN ANCIENT EUROPEA
Page 51 and 52: Table 1. Benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(e
Page 53 and 54: 5 INSETTICIDI D’ORIGINE VEGETALE
Page 55 and 56: Tabella 2. Piretrine: composizione
Page 57 and 58: californicus (fitoseide predatore)
Page 59 and 60: 7 NATURAL COMPOUNDS IN THE CONTROL
Page 61 and 62: 8 METHODS FOR EVALUATION, IN CONTRO
Page 63 and 64: Figure 3. Effect of Pseudomonas sp.
Page 65 and 66: 9 IMPROVEMENT OF SOIL PROPERTIES AN
Page 67 and 68: (mg kg-1) (mg kg-1) 140 120 100 80
Page 69 and 70: 10 NEMATICIDAL ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS
Page 71 and 72: % cumulative hatch 40 35 30 25 20 1
Page 73 and 74: ROTENONE Il principio attivo è est
Page 75 and 76: - azadiractina nei confronti di F.
Page 77 and 78: Recovery and repeatabilty tests wer
Page 79 and 80: 13 IMPIEGO DEL TIMOLO NEL CONTROLLO
Page 81 and 82: dello standard esterno. E’ stata
Page 83 and 84: Tab. III - Residui di timolo(mg/Kg)
Page 85 and 86: phytotoxicity index (%) Results In
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15 ORGANIC WHEAT QUALITY AND PRODUC
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16 IL CONTROLLO DELLA “ MOSCA DEL
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Nel primo anno si può notare un an
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17 Il contenimento della ticchiolat
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Obtained recoveries percent were: 8
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[Pb] (ng/g) 250,00 200,00 150,00 10
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Supelco Supelclean LC-18 SPE tubes
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12. Agullo, G.; Gamet, L.; Besson,
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Tab. 3 Flavonol content (µg/ml) in
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mg/L Fig.3 3,50 3,00 2,50 2,00 1,50
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Table 1 - Fungicides used during th
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Table 3 - Efficacy of different tre
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21 CONTAMINAZIONE DA MICOTOSSINE IN
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Ricerca: Aflatossine B1 B1+B2+G1+G2
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Campioni non Conformi 3,4 % B1 Camp
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22 PEPTIDATI DI RAME: PRODOTTI INNO
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23 CHARACTERIZATION OF ORGANIC VIRG
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24 CHARACTERIZATION OF ORGANIC VIRG
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25 EFFICACY EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICA
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Fig. 1 - Effects of Biological Cont
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26 IL CONTROLLO DELLE OPERAZIONI DI
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Results and Discussion S. carpocaps
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entompathogenic nematodes. CSC-EC E
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After this preliminary screening an
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FIGURE 3. Insecticidal activity of
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Several colonies of Lepidopteran, C
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PDF creato con FinePrint pdfFactory
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M. Scribano research work was suppo
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Nematode isolate % Mortality 3 100
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In our trial organic wheat showed a
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per "strippare" i vapori nitrosi re
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L’ultima parte della ricerca è s
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33 INVESTIGATIONS ON THE BACTERICID
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Vengono qui riportati i risultati d
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while for dinocap is 10 pg/µL. For
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[Pb](ng/ml) Figure 1: Pb content of
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