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14 ASSESMENT OF PHYTOTOXICITY TO GRAPEVINE OF TRADITIONAL AND NEW COPPER COMPOUNDS USED IN COPPER REDUCTION STRATEGIES IN ORGANIC VITICULTURE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND NUMBER OF TREATMENTS Ilaria Pertot, Marco Delaiti, Diego Forti Istituto Agrario di S. Michele all’Adige, via Mach 1, S. Michele all’Adige, (TN), Italy ilaria.pertot@ismaa.it Introduction In organic viticulture Plasmopara viticola control is based almost exclusively on copper. The expected restrictions on copper used in organic agriculture in the European Union have stimulated the research of alternatives and the optimisation of copper allowed quantity. To compare efficacy against downy mildew of different copper compounds several researches have been done, but phythotoxicity has received scant attention, particularly in relation to copper reduction strategies in organic viticulture. Phytotoxicity risk must be taken into consideration during grapevine phenological cycle, because copper compounds could affect the quality of grape and the vegetative balance of the plant. Researches have shown that, using the same Cu2+ dosage, efficacy and rainfastness of different copper compounds and formulations are the same (Pertot et al., 2002). Reduction in annual copper quantity will be possible with a rationale use of dosages, that can vary between 30 to 70 g Cu2+/hl during the vegetative stage of the plant, depending on weather conditions and infection risk evaluation. The rationale dosages used must be associated with a careful protection against primary infections, the execution of treatments before forecasted rain and the increasing of frequency application in the period of maximum plant growth. Among new copper formulations, compounds and adjuvants only copper peptidate could allow a consistent reduction in copper annual quantity, giving at the same time a adequate efficacy level against the disease (Pertot et al., l.c.). The aim of this research was: i) the evaluation, with low dosages, of phytotoxicity to grapevine in field of new copper formulations compared to the traditional ones; ii) the identification in controlled conditions of the factors that induce phytotoxicity. Materials and metods The trials were done in the experimental organic vineyard of Istituto Agrario di S. Michele all’Adige, located in Rovereto (TN, Italy). Chardonnay was the used cv. Test products, reference products and untreated control were arranged in a suitable statistical design (fully randomised design, with treatments replicated four times). Products were applied using a normal volume of 12 hl/ha, with a four times concentrated sprayer (tab.1). Phytotoxicity assessment was done following EPPO standars, guideline PP1/135(2). For each repetition twenty five leaves were randomly collected and classified using a scale depending on the symptoms and the percentage of leaf surface affected. 2001 2002 active ingredient commercial name Cu2+ g/ha active ingredient commercial name Cu2+ g/ha bordeaux mixture P. Bordolese Dispers copper hydroxide Kocide 2000 copper sulphate Cutril cuprous oxide Cobre Nordox 360, 600, 840 bordeaux mixture copper hydroxide copper peptidate copper peptidate P. Bordolese Dispers Heliocuivre Peptiram 7 (2 times) Peptiram 7 (3 times) 360, 600 150 copper peptidate copper peptidate Peptiram 5 Peptiram 7 300 150 cuprous oxide Cobre Nordox copper oxychloride ICC0087 360, 600 Tab.1 Field treatments in 2001 and 2002 In greenhouse controlled conditions the influence of temperature (5, 15, 25, 35° C), leaf wetness and number of treatments (1, 3, 5, 7) on phytotoxicity of copper peptidate (Peptiram 5) was evaluated. Potted plants, cv. Pinot gris, were used. For each treatment were used five plants with two shoots each. Phytotoxicity evaluation was done using three classes of intensity: low (from 0 to 0,5 % of leaf surface damaged), middle (from 0,6 to 5%) and high (from 5,1 to 10 %) and indicated as phytotoxicity index. PDF creato con FinePrint pdfFactory versione dimostrativa http://www.secom.re.it/fineprint 84
phytotoxicity index (%) Results In field trials, phytotoxicity (fig. 3) was related to particular environmental conditions (which were identified both in 2001 and 2002 in prolonged leaf wetness), but the degree of damage depended on the copper compound used. Copper peptidates, followed by cuprous oxide, induced the highest phytotoxicity level (fig.1). Fig. 1 field results in 2001 (left) and 2002 (right). Same letter means that results are not significantly different (P=0.05). phytotoxicity index (%) 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 bordeaux mixture copper hydroxide copper sulphate cuprous oxide copper peptidate copper peptidate In controlled conditions, low temperature, but also high ones, if associated with leaf wetness, induced phytotoxic effects (fig. 4), which were evident at cytological level before inducing macroscopic alterations on leaves. At cellular level copper precipitate was visible. Chemical composition of precipitates was determined by X ray microanalysis. Phytotoxicity increased with the increasing of the number of treatments. 100 80 60 40 20 0 phytotoxicity index (%) Fig. 2 Phytotoxicity index (percentage of leaf infected) on plants treated with an increasing number of application at different temperature. Effect on dry plants (left) and on wet plants (rightside). 85 2.5 2 1.5 a 0.5 a a a 5°C 15°C 25°C 35°C d temperature c b 1 0 bordeaux mixture 100 80 60 40 20 0 copper hydroxide bc cd copper peptidate copper peptidate d cuprous oxide b copper oxychloride 5°C 15°C 25°C 35°C temperature PDF creato con FinePrint pdfFactory versione dimostrativa http://www.secom.re.it/fineprint phytotoxicity index (%) a 0 1 3 5 7
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International Congress BIOLOGICAL P
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15:40-16:20 G. Lozzia Università d
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MAIN SPEAKERS • V. Rotondo FIAO,
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Il settore oggi è regolamentato in
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target botanical synthetic sodium c
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RELIABILITY AND PROSPECTIVES FOR TH
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Vineyard Passive diffusion Spontane
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of the host, a relatively limited n
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LOZZIA G.C., RIGAMONTI I.E., 1994 -
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DIFESA DELLE COLTURE DAI PATOGENI F
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THE FUNGAL PHYTOTOXINS AND THEIR PO
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NEED FOR RESEARCH AND APPROPRIATE A
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PRESENCE OF OCHRATOXIN IN EXPERIMEN
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5. Hohler, D. (1998). Ochratoxin A
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Table 3: Pesticide treatments on
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BIOPESTICIDES: EVALUATION PROCESS F
Page 33 and 34: Xenorhabdus spp. and Photorhabdus s
Page 35 and 36: It can be reproduced in vivo at 15
Page 37 and 38: Vinson, S. B., 1975, Biochemical co
Page 39 and 40: PROTECTION OF GRAPEVINE FROM POWDER
Page 41 and 42: I MEZZI TECNICI PER L'AGRICOLTURA B
Page 43 and 44: POSTER 1. Agosteo G.E., Ambrosio M.
Page 45 and 46: 31. Pietri A., Bertuzzi T., Barbier
Page 47 and 48: 1 PROVE DI LOTTA ALL’OIDIO DELLO
Page 49 and 50: 2 LUPINUS ALBUS, AN ANCIENT EUROPEA
Page 51 and 52: Table 1. Benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(e
Page 53 and 54: 5 INSETTICIDI D’ORIGINE VEGETALE
Page 55 and 56: Tabella 2. Piretrine: composizione
Page 57 and 58: californicus (fitoseide predatore)
Page 59 and 60: 7 NATURAL COMPOUNDS IN THE CONTROL
Page 61 and 62: 8 METHODS FOR EVALUATION, IN CONTRO
Page 63 and 64: Figure 3. Effect of Pseudomonas sp.
Page 65 and 66: 9 IMPROVEMENT OF SOIL PROPERTIES AN
Page 67 and 68: (mg kg-1) (mg kg-1) 140 120 100 80
Page 69 and 70: 10 NEMATICIDAL ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS
Page 71 and 72: % cumulative hatch 40 35 30 25 20 1
Page 73 and 74: ROTENONE Il principio attivo è est
Page 75 and 76: - azadiractina nei confronti di F.
Page 77 and 78: Recovery and repeatabilty tests wer
Page 79 and 80: 13 IMPIEGO DEL TIMOLO NEL CONTROLLO
Page 81 and 82: dello standard esterno. E’ stata
Page 83: Tab. III - Residui di timolo(mg/Kg)
Page 87 and 88: 15 ORGANIC WHEAT QUALITY AND PRODUC
Page 89 and 90: 16 IL CONTROLLO DELLA “ MOSCA DEL
Page 91 and 92: Nel primo anno si può notare un an
Page 93 and 94: 17 Il contenimento della ticchiolat
Page 95 and 96: Obtained recoveries percent were: 8
Page 97 and 98: [Pb] (ng/g) 250,00 200,00 150,00 10
Page 99 and 100: Supelco Supelclean LC-18 SPE tubes
Page 101 and 102: 12. Agullo, G.; Gamet, L.; Besson,
Page 103 and 104: Tab. 3 Flavonol content (µg/ml) in
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Page 107 and 108: Table 1 - Fungicides used during th
Page 109 and 110: Table 3 - Efficacy of different tre
Page 111 and 112: 21 CONTAMINAZIONE DA MICOTOSSINE IN
Page 113 and 114: Ricerca: Aflatossine B1 B1+B2+G1+G2
Page 115 and 116: Campioni non Conformi 3,4 % B1 Camp
Page 117 and 118: 22 PEPTIDATI DI RAME: PRODOTTI INNO
Page 119 and 120: 23 CHARACTERIZATION OF ORGANIC VIRG
Page 121 and 122: 24 CHARACTERIZATION OF ORGANIC VIRG
Page 123 and 124: 25 EFFICACY EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICA
Page 125 and 126: Fig. 1 - Effects of Biological Cont
Page 127 and 128: 26 IL CONTROLLO DELLE OPERAZIONI DI
Page 129 and 130: Results and Discussion S. carpocaps
Page 131 and 132: entompathogenic nematodes. CSC-EC E
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FIGURE 3. Insecticidal activity of
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Several colonies of Lepidopteran, C
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PDF creato con FinePrint pdfFactory
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M. Scribano research work was suppo
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Nematode isolate % Mortality 3 100
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In our trial organic wheat showed a
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per "strippare" i vapori nitrosi re
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L’ultima parte della ricerca è s
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33 INVESTIGATIONS ON THE BACTERICID
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Vengono qui riportati i risultati d
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while for dinocap is 10 pg/µL. For
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[Pb](ng/ml) Figure 1: Pb content of
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