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TOXICITY AND ANALYSIS OF MYCOTOXINS AND THEIR OCCURRENCE IN SOME ORGANIC PRODUCTS M. Solfrizzo, M. Pascale, A. Visconti, G. Avantaggiato CNR, Institute of Science of Food Production, Viale Einaudi 51, 70125 Bari, I taly Fumonisins, ochratoxin A, and deoxynivalenol are among the most important mycotoxins due to their toxicity and frequent occurrence in foodstuffs, including cereals. Fumonisins are mainly produced by Fusarium verticillioides e F. proliferatum on maize before and soon after harvest. These toxins can cause equine leukoencephalomalacia, porcine pulmonary oedema, liver and kidney cancer in rodents, nephrotoxicity and immunosuppression. The occurrence of ochratoxin A in cereals depends on geographic areas and is related to the presence of Penicillium verrucosum and Aspergillus ochraceus. Ochratoxin A has a strong nephrotoxicity and, at higher dosage, is carcinogenic on renal proximal tubule. Deoxynivalenol occurs in wheat, barley, oats, rye, spelt and maize and less frequently in rice, sorghum, and triticale. It is produced by F. graminearum e F. culmorum two important plant pathogens. Recent toxicological evaluation by Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives have established provisional maximum tolerable daily intakes of 2 e 1 µg/kg of body weight for fumonisins and deoxynivalenol, respectively. The provisional tolerable weekly intake of ochratoxin A of 0.1 µg/kg of body weight has been confirmed. For the analysis of cereal based food aimed to assess mycotoxin intake the use of validated analytical methods is essential. At this regard the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) has established method acceptability criteria for each mycotoxin. Recently, we have developed and validated by a collaborative study a new HPLC method for the determination of fumonisins in maize and maize based foods which has been adopted by CEN as European Standard Method. Official standard methods based on HPLC are available for the analysis of ochratoxin A in cereals, whereas a suitable method that respond to CEN criteria needs to be produced for deoxynivalenol. The consumption of organic products in Europe has increased in the last years but few information are available on their mycotoxin contamination as compared to conventional products. It is well known that agricultural practices play a role on mycotoxin formation in cereals. A total of 461 cereal samples collected in Italy, including 186 samples originating from organic production (136 soft wheat and 50 spelt) harvested in 1998-2000 and 275 samples from conventional production (138 soft wheat and 137 durum wheat) harvested in 1999-2000 have been analysed for deoxynivalenol in our laboratory. A higher incidence of positive samples was found in organic wheat (65-100% of positive samples) and organic spelt (100% of positive samples) as compared to conventional wheat (38-80% of positive samples), whereas the highest levels of deoxynivalenol were found in conventional wheat (up to 6465 µg/kg). In particular, mean levels of deoxynivalenol in positive samples of organic soft wheat, organic spelt, conventional soft wheat and conventional durum wheat were 70- 180 µg/kg, 148-192 µg/kg, 219-604 µg/kg e 251-1097 µg/kg, respectively. PDF creato con FinePrint pdfFactory versione dimostrativa http://www.secom.re.it/fineprint 20
THE FUNGAL PHYTOTOXINS AND THEIR POTENTIAL ROLE AS HERBICIDES IN INTEGRATED CONTROL METHODS AGAINST WEEDS. Antonio Evidente Dipartimento di Scienze del Suolo, della Pianta e dell’Ambiente, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici The man weed battle started long time ago due to the great hazard resulted from their wide diffusion in agricultural crops and pastures. Weeds have created heavy problems in reforestation activities and in important economical infrastructures. In the last 50 years, beside the traditional agrarian practises, the most diffused methods in controlling weeds are the use of chemical herbicides which are responsible for major environmental pollution with human and animal health risks. Therefore, numerous studies have been carried out to develop biological control using natural weed enemies as insects, viruses, bacteria and fungi but a particular interest has been directed towards phytopathogenic fungi which are the most common plant pathogens that in respect to other microorganisms may be applied with safety and simplicity. Phytopathogenic fungi are responsible, together with other microbial agents, of severe damages to important agrarian forestall and ornamental plants Frequently, these fungal species produce phytotoxins, bioactive metabolites with different chemical structure, mode of action, host specificity, biological activity and environmental impact. Toxins are generally substances which interfere with plant metabolism of which many are directly responsible of pathogenesis while others are not considered toxins at all 1,2 . Studies conducted in the last years have concentrated on controlling weed diffusion in important agrarian crops. Fungal pathogens isolated from some infected tissue of weeds are generally belonging to important taxonomic genera (Alternaria, Ascochyta, Drechslera, Fusarium, Melanconis, Phoma, Pyrenophora ). Some phytotoxins were isolated and characterised to determine their role in developing new methods for weed control, Their direct application or that of their derivatives or/and analogues with the pathogen may increase the herbicidal activity so improving the efficacy in terms of pathogenesis, virulence and herbicidal selectivity Structure elucidation and stereochemistry of phytotoxins may allow to plan their total enantioselective synthesis in order to obtain amounts suitable to carry out experiments in green houses and in fields to develop strategies for the biological integrated management of weeds. Some toxins may be derivatised to modulate their biological activity in terms of phytotoxicity and selectivity and to obtain new natural safe herbicides. Furthermore, phytotoxins can be used to develop a method for their analysis in complex samples. Therefore, if the phytotoxins are virulence features they may be used as biomarkers for in vitro selection of the best fungal strain to be used in the integrated management methods. In this communication, a brief overview will be presented on the results obtained on developing strategies to biologically control of Chenopodium album, Striga hermonthica and Orobanche ramosa, infesting many important agrarian crops like maize, beet root, millet, sorghum, sunflower, tomato, legumes, etc 2,3 . References 1. Ballio, A.; Graniti, A. Experientia, 1991, 47, 751-826. 2. Evidente, A.; Motta, A Phytotoxins from fungi, pathogenic for agrarian, forestal and weedy plants. In Bioactive Compounds from Natural Sources, Tringali, C. (Ed.), Taylor & Francis, London, 2001. Chapter 12, pp. 473-525. 3. Evidente, A.; Abouzeid, M.A. Characterization of Phytotoxins from Phytopathogenic Fungi and their Potential Use as Herbicides in Integrated Crop Management. In Handbook of Sustainable Weed Management, Harminder, P.S. (Ed.), The Haworth Press Inc., Binghamton, NY, USA (2002) in press. PDF creato con FinePrint pdfFactory versione dimostrativa http://www.secom.re.it/fineprint 21
Page 1 and 2: International Congress BIOLOGICAL P
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Page 5 and 6: MAIN SPEAKERS • V. Rotondo FIAO,
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Page 11 and 12: RELIABILITY AND PROSPECTIVES FOR TH
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Page 17 and 18: LOZZIA G.C., RIGAMONTI I.E., 1994 -
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Page 43 and 44: POSTER 1. Agosteo G.E., Ambrosio M.
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% cumulative hatch 40 35 30 25 20 1
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ROTENONE Il principio attivo è est
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- azadiractina nei confronti di F.
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Recovery and repeatabilty tests wer
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13 IMPIEGO DEL TIMOLO NEL CONTROLLO
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dello standard esterno. E’ stata
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Tab. III - Residui di timolo(mg/Kg)
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phytotoxicity index (%) Results In
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15 ORGANIC WHEAT QUALITY AND PRODUC
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16 IL CONTROLLO DELLA “ MOSCA DEL
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Nel primo anno si può notare un an
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17 Il contenimento della ticchiolat
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Obtained recoveries percent were: 8
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[Pb] (ng/g) 250,00 200,00 150,00 10
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Supelco Supelclean LC-18 SPE tubes
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12. Agullo, G.; Gamet, L.; Besson,
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Tab. 3 Flavonol content (µg/ml) in
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mg/L Fig.3 3,50 3,00 2,50 2,00 1,50
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Table 1 - Fungicides used during th
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Table 3 - Efficacy of different tre
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21 CONTAMINAZIONE DA MICOTOSSINE IN
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Ricerca: Aflatossine B1 B1+B2+G1+G2
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Campioni non Conformi 3,4 % B1 Camp
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22 PEPTIDATI DI RAME: PRODOTTI INNO
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23 CHARACTERIZATION OF ORGANIC VIRG
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24 CHARACTERIZATION OF ORGANIC VIRG
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25 EFFICACY EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICA
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Fig. 1 - Effects of Biological Cont
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26 IL CONTROLLO DELLE OPERAZIONI DI
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Results and Discussion S. carpocaps
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entompathogenic nematodes. CSC-EC E
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After this preliminary screening an
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FIGURE 3. Insecticidal activity of
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Several colonies of Lepidopteran, C
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M. Scribano research work was suppo
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Nematode isolate % Mortality 3 100
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In our trial organic wheat showed a
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per "strippare" i vapori nitrosi re
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L’ultima parte della ricerca è s
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33 INVESTIGATIONS ON THE BACTERICID
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Vengono qui riportati i risultati d
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while for dinocap is 10 pg/µL. For
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[Pb](ng/ml) Figure 1: Pb content of
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