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Soil samples were collected in the plots treated with : i) no input (CONTR); ii) fenamiphos (300 kg ha -1 ) (F.MPHOS); iii) raw sewage (80 mc ha -1 ) (R.S.); iv) exhausted pomace solid cake compost ( 20 t ha -1 ) (EOPC); v) fresh pomace solid cake compost (20 t ha -1 ) (FOPC), after the treatments and harvesting to evaluate soil N-NO3, N-NH4 exchangeable, NaHCO3 - P (Olsen method), exchangeable bases, CEC, heavy metals concentration , total organic carbon (TOC), total extracted (TEC) and humified carbon (humic and fulvic acids, C HA + C FA ) (Sequi et al., 1986; Italian Ministry of Agricultural Resources, 1994). The degree of humification, DH% = (C HA + C FA )/TEC*100, the humification rate, HR% = (C HA + C FA )/TOC*100, and the humification index, HI= NH / (C HA + C FA ), were also calculated. Data were statistically analysed by the analysis of variance and means compared by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (P=0.05). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In the field experiment all the composts significantly increased the tomato yield compared to the untreated control, but were statistically lower than chemical treatment (Table 1). All the treatments significantly reduced the root infestation index and, with the exception of the lowest rates of raw sewage and exhausted pomace compost, the soil nematode population (Table 1). Results from this experiment and their comparison with those from the previous field experiments evidenciated that incorporation of OMW into the soil could result in a suppression, but not in a complete eradication of phytoparasitic nematode populations and, at low initial soil infestation, also in a crop yield increase. Therefore, the aim of soil amendments with these materials should be a progressive reduction of infestation level under the tolerance limit of the target nematode species (Sasanelli, 1994). Table 1 - Effects of different olive mill wastes amendments on Meloidogyne incognita on tomato (cv. Tondino di Zagaria). Treatment Dose (t x ha -1 ) 66 Tomato yield (t x ha -1 ) Root gall index (0 – 5) Eggs and juveniles/cm 3 soil Untreated control - 25.4 a 4,5 b 19.8 d Fenamiphos 0,3 40.5 e 2,7 a 10.6 abc Raw sewage 4 32.3 bc 2,4 a 15.1 cd 8 29.0 b 2,5 a 5.2 a Exhausted olive pomace compost 10 36.8 d 2,1 a 13.7 bcd 20 36.6 d 2,2 a 9.2 abc 40 36.3 d 2,2 a 11.2 abc Fresh olive pomace compost 10 32.1 bc 2,8 a 5.3 a 20 33.7 cd 2,2 a 7.1 ab 40 35.8 cd 2,6 a 9.3 abc Data are means of four replications; data followed by the same letter on the same column are not significantly different according to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (P = 0.01). In the Figure 1 A can be observed a poor increasing trend of soil N-NO3 contents respectively for “R.S.”, “EOPC”, “FOPC” treatments and lowest N-NO3 content in “fenamiphos-treated” plots. Soil NaHCO3-P content was unaffected from experimental treatments, but soil exchangeable K showed higher value in "fenamiphos-treated" plots (Figure 1A). On the contrary, in “FOPC-treated” plots higher “exchangeable-Ca” content was recorded , while similar trends were observed in exchangeable Ca in “fenamiphos-”, “R.S.-”, “EOPC- treated” plots. No differences were observed on exchangeable Na and Mg among treated plots compared with the “control” (Figure 1 B ). Among the heavy metals of the soil (Figure 1 C ), only Zn content was higher in “EOPC-“ and “FOPC-treated” plots probably because during the composting processes of solid residual cake of olive milling ( fresh or exhausted ) a Zn concentration could be verified. Soil organic C (Figure 1 D) contents (total and extracted) seem lower in the plots treated with OMW (raw or composted) in comparison to other treatments, because the incorporation into the soil of fresh organic matter improves biological activity (Ocio et al., 1991). No variations were recorded on humified organic C, probably for the short period of trial. PDF creato con FinePrint pdfFactory versione dimostrativa http://www.secom.re.it/fineprint
(mg kg-1) (mg kg-1) 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 b N-NO3 NaHCO3-P Exch.-K b n.s. n.s. b a Soil available nutrients a n.s. Zn Cu Pb Soil heavy metals b a b b b n.s. CONTR. F.MPHOS Soil properties reported in the Table 2 show that experimental treatments play a similar role on pH and CEC. The degree of humification (DH) results significantly higher in “R.S.-treated” plots than in “control” plots; on the other hand in “fenamiphos-” and “FOPC-treated” plots this parameter appears very lower than in “control” plots. Humification rate (HR) in all treated plots is lower than control. Finally humification index (HI) of “fenamiphos-“ and “FOPC-“ treated plots is higher than other plots similarly to the findings of degree of humification (DH). Table 2 - Variations of some soil properties as affected by experimental treatments. A R.S. EOPC FOPC CONTR. F.MPHOS R.S. EOPC FOPC Treatments pH CEC Humification parameters (meq/100 g) DH (%) HR (%) HI CONTR 8.30 9.55 20.4 b (1) 9.1 a 3.9 b F.MPHOS 8.32 10.13 16.0 c 7.4 c 5.2 a R.S. 8.20 9.81 22.7 a 8.1 b 3.4 b EOPC 8.29 9.06 21.3 b 8.1 b 3.7 b FOPC 8.23 9.29 16.3 c 6.1 c 5.1 a (1 ) – Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different at P < 0.05 according to Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. In conclusion OMW soil amendments could be suggested for integrated nematode management strategies, as it provides a good pest suppressivity. After the first year of trial is very hard to record soil fertility variations as affected by experimental treatments. The experimental data show that both OMW soil amendments and traditional nematicide (fenamiphos) don’t determine decrease of soil available nutrients, soil exchangeable bases. On the other hand the effects on soil heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb) are unsignificant, when were compared all the treatments with “control”. Very interesting trends were observed on soil organic C and humification parameters. The apparent increase observed on soil organic C (TOC, TEC) in the plots untreated (CONTR) and treated with fenamiphos (F.MPHOS) seems in contrast with a light increase of 67 (mg kg-1) 2500 2000 1500 1000 5 4 3 2 1 0 500 0 Ca Mg Na Soil exchangeable bases CONTR. F.MPHOS R.S. EOPC FOPC C 7 a D 6 a b b b ( g kg-1 ) a ab b b ab n.s. Total Extract. Humified Soil organic Carbon Figure 1 – Soil fertility variations as affected by experimental treatments. (For each parameter columns followed by different letters are significanty different at P
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International Congress BIOLOGICAL P
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15:40-16:20 G. Lozzia Università d
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MAIN SPEAKERS • V. Rotondo FIAO,
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Il settore oggi è regolamentato in
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target botanical synthetic sodium c
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RELIABILITY AND PROSPECTIVES FOR TH
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Vineyard Passive diffusion Spontane
Page 15 and 16: of the host, a relatively limited n
Page 17 and 18: LOZZIA G.C., RIGAMONTI I.E., 1994 -
Page 19 and 20: DIFESA DELLE COLTURE DAI PATOGENI F
Page 21 and 22: THE FUNGAL PHYTOTOXINS AND THEIR PO
Page 23 and 24: NEED FOR RESEARCH AND APPROPRIATE A
Page 25 and 26: PRESENCE OF OCHRATOXIN IN EXPERIMEN
Page 27 and 28: 5. Hohler, D. (1998). Ochratoxin A
Page 29 and 30: Table 3: Pesticide treatments on
Page 31 and 32: BIOPESTICIDES: EVALUATION PROCESS F
Page 33 and 34: Xenorhabdus spp. and Photorhabdus s
Page 35 and 36: It can be reproduced in vivo at 15
Page 37 and 38: Vinson, S. B., 1975, Biochemical co
Page 39 and 40: PROTECTION OF GRAPEVINE FROM POWDER
Page 41 and 42: I MEZZI TECNICI PER L'AGRICOLTURA B
Page 43 and 44: POSTER 1. Agosteo G.E., Ambrosio M.
Page 45 and 46: 31. Pietri A., Bertuzzi T., Barbier
Page 47 and 48: 1 PROVE DI LOTTA ALL’OIDIO DELLO
Page 49 and 50: 2 LUPINUS ALBUS, AN ANCIENT EUROPEA
Page 51 and 52: Table 1. Benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(e
Page 53 and 54: 5 INSETTICIDI D’ORIGINE VEGETALE
Page 55 and 56: Tabella 2. Piretrine: composizione
Page 57 and 58: californicus (fitoseide predatore)
Page 59 and 60: 7 NATURAL COMPOUNDS IN THE CONTROL
Page 61 and 62: 8 METHODS FOR EVALUATION, IN CONTRO
Page 63 and 64: Figure 3. Effect of Pseudomonas sp.
Page 65: 9 IMPROVEMENT OF SOIL PROPERTIES AN
Page 69 and 70: 10 NEMATICIDAL ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS
Page 71 and 72: % cumulative hatch 40 35 30 25 20 1
Page 73 and 74: ROTENONE Il principio attivo è est
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Page 83 and 84: Tab. III - Residui di timolo(mg/Kg)
Page 85 and 86: phytotoxicity index (%) Results In
Page 87 and 88: 15 ORGANIC WHEAT QUALITY AND PRODUC
Page 89 and 90: 16 IL CONTROLLO DELLA “ MOSCA DEL
Page 91 and 92: Nel primo anno si può notare un an
Page 93 and 94: 17 Il contenimento della ticchiolat
Page 95 and 96: Obtained recoveries percent were: 8
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Page 103 and 104: Tab. 3 Flavonol content (µg/ml) in
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Page 107 and 108: Table 1 - Fungicides used during th
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Page 111 and 112: 21 CONTAMINAZIONE DA MICOTOSSINE IN
Page 113 and 114: Ricerca: Aflatossine B1 B1+B2+G1+G2
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22 PEPTIDATI DI RAME: PRODOTTI INNO
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23 CHARACTERIZATION OF ORGANIC VIRG
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24 CHARACTERIZATION OF ORGANIC VIRG
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25 EFFICACY EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICA
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Fig. 1 - Effects of Biological Cont
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26 IL CONTROLLO DELLE OPERAZIONI DI
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Results and Discussion S. carpocaps
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entompathogenic nematodes. CSC-EC E
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After this preliminary screening an
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FIGURE 3. Insecticidal activity of
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Several colonies of Lepidopteran, C
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PDF creato con FinePrint pdfFactory
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M. Scribano research work was suppo
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Nematode isolate % Mortality 3 100
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In our trial organic wheat showed a
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per "strippare" i vapori nitrosi re
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L’ultima parte della ricerca è s
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33 INVESTIGATIONS ON THE BACTERICID
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Vengono qui riportati i risultati d
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while for dinocap is 10 pg/µL. For
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[Pb](ng/ml) Figure 1: Pb content of
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