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6 CHANGES OF BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN SOIL AMENDED WITH MOIST OLIVE HUSKS Cristiano Casucci, Elga Monaci and Piero Perucci DIBIAGA, Ancona University, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, ITALY Key words: amendment, enzyme activity, soil fertility On the last twenty years the disposal of organic residues coming from agricultural crop and food industry is a very important problem relating to ecological risk, in particular in the middle Italy where the production of olive husks from oil-mill is very diffuse. Therefore, the use of olive husks like amendment can represent both a solution for problems connected to their disposal than a contribution to give an answer to the impoverishment of soils organic matter content by actual agricultural practices. The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence, both in laboratory and in field conditions, on some biochemical parameters correlated with soil fertility of the amendment with moist olive husks at different dose. Field experiments were carried out for a short-time (three years) in two soils amended with legal dose (D, 20 ton ha -1 for year, equivalent to 1.47 g of organic C/kg of soil) and double dose (2D). Laboratory experiments in the same soils were carried out for one year and an additional dose of ten-fold field dose (10D) was employed. In field trials the biochemical parameters didn’t show significant changes in comparison with no-amended soils and, when present, their generally were positive. Concerning laboratory experiment the results were: • microbial biomass-C content: no-significant increases at the beginning of experiment for D and 2D but significant and constant increases during the entire period for 10D were found; • soil oxidation capacity: an inhibiting effect due to amendment was observed at the beginning of the trial which disappeared after the first month of incubation; • FDA-hydrolase capacity: an initial significant decrease at all doses, which disappeared after two month from amendment; • o-DPO activity: amendment at D and 2D didn’t cause significant changes, while a strong inhibition at 10D was observed. This tendency persisted during the early drawings; • β-glucosidase activity: the initial inhibiting effect (two months) was followed by an increase correlated with the organic amendment dose; • alkaline phosphatase activity: any influence was observed at D and 2D; 10D determined a significant decrease during the first two months, at the third month the activity value returned to the original values of controls. PDF creato con FinePrint pdfFactory versione dimostrativa http://www.secom.re.it/fineprint 58
7 NATURAL COMPOUNDS IN THE CONTROL OF POWDERY MILDEW ON CUCURBITS IN ORGANIC AGRICULTURE Fedele Casulli (1) , Agostino Santomauro (1) , Giuseppe Tauro (2) , Maria Antonia Gatto (1) , Franco Faretra (1) (1) Dipartimento Protezione delle Piante e Microbiologia Applicata, University of Bari, Italy (2) Centro di Ricerca e Sperimentazione in Agricoltura "Basile Caramia", Locorotondo (Bari), Italy In Italy, Cucurbitaceae are important vegetable crops grown especially in Central and Southern Italy (Sicily, Latium and Apulia). Melon (Cucumis melo L.), watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb) Matsum et Nakai], courgette (Cucurbita pepo L.) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) are the prevalent species being cultivated on a surface of 21,400, 14,200, 12,200 and 1,500 hectares, respectively (Istat, 2001). Powdery mildew, caused by Sphaerotheca fusca (Fr.) S. Blumer [syn. S. fuliginea (Schlecht. ex Fr). Poll.] is the most common and severe disease on the crops. Many fungicides are available for an effective control of the pathogen, but in view of their negative side effects, people look to more consumer- and environment-friendly alternatives, including natural compounds. The present paper reports the results of trials carried out under glasshouse and field conditions in order to evaluate the effectiveness of natural compounds in the control of powdery mildew in organic agriculture. Zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo L., cv. Striato pugliese) and cucumber plants (C. sativus, cv. Mezzo lungo di Polignano) were grown individually in plastic pots (10 cm in diameter) in a glasshouse at 20-24°C and RH 70-80%, under daylight. Four-replicated plants, maintained at the two-three leaf stage by pruning were used for each thesis. The plants were artificially inoculated with S. fusca by spraying a suspension containing about 5⋅10 5 fresh conidia per ml. The tested compounds, including several natural substances allowed in organic agriculture (Table 1), were applied either 3 days before or 3 days after the artificial inoculation with the pathogen. Untreated check plants were sprayed only with water. Numbers and sizes of fungal colonies were assessed 11 days after inoculation on 10-cm 2 of the surface of each leaf. Natural substances were tested in field trials on melon (C. melo, cv. Barattiere) carried out during the summer. The statistical design was the complete randomised blocks with four replications and plots were made up of 8-10 plants in all trials. Spray schedules always were started before the appearance of first disease symptoms; treatments were repeated at one-week intervals. The severity of powdery mildew symptoms was periodically assessed evaluating the percentage of infected leaf surface. All data were submitted to variance analysis and mean values were separated by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. According to the reduction of symptoms severity on treated plants as compared to the untreated check, the tested compounds were grouped in effective (higher than 70%), moderately effective (from 40 to 70%) or poorly effective (less than 40%) (Table 1). A good control of powdery mildew fungi was achieved in glasshouse as well as in field by fresh and dried milk (10%), which reduced infections over 90%. Among the other tested compounds, calcium and magnesium chloride, potassium, sodium or ammonium phosphate dibasic, pinolene, sodium bicarbonate and the mixtures of mineral oil with sodium bicarbonate or sodium silicate, significantly reduced the severity of S. fusca on leaves. These compounds showed the highest effectiveness when applied 3-4 days after the artificial inoculation of S. fusca. In the field, the same compounds yielded a satisfactory control of powdery mildew on the upper leaf surface of cucurbits, but they showed poor effectiveness against infections on stems and lower leaf surface, especially under high disease pressure. Mineral oil was effective when applied 3-4 days before artificial inoculation of S. fusca; this corroborate the finding that the compound acts also as inducer of defence mechanisms in plants. Ammonium phosphate monobasic, sodium silicate, sodium hydroxide, trisodium and tripotassium phosphate proved poorly effective at non-phytotoxic concentration while calcium carbonate, calcium sulphate, calcium silicate, sodium and potassium chloride, sodium and potassium phosphate monobasic were poorly effective against S. fusca. PDF creato con FinePrint pdfFactory versione dimostrativa http://www.secom.re.it/fineprint 59
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International Congress BIOLOGICAL P
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15:40-16:20 G. Lozzia Università d
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MAIN SPEAKERS • V. Rotondo FIAO,
Page 7 and 8: Il settore oggi è regolamentato in
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Page 11 and 12: RELIABILITY AND PROSPECTIVES FOR TH
Page 13 and 14: Vineyard Passive diffusion Spontane
Page 15 and 16: of the host, a relatively limited n
Page 17 and 18: LOZZIA G.C., RIGAMONTI I.E., 1994 -
Page 19 and 20: DIFESA DELLE COLTURE DAI PATOGENI F
Page 21 and 22: THE FUNGAL PHYTOTOXINS AND THEIR PO
Page 23 and 24: NEED FOR RESEARCH AND APPROPRIATE A
Page 25 and 26: PRESENCE OF OCHRATOXIN IN EXPERIMEN
Page 27 and 28: 5. Hohler, D. (1998). Ochratoxin A
Page 29 and 30: Table 3: Pesticide treatments on
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Page 33 and 34: Xenorhabdus spp. and Photorhabdus s
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Page 37 and 38: Vinson, S. B., 1975, Biochemical co
Page 39 and 40: PROTECTION OF GRAPEVINE FROM POWDER
Page 41 and 42: I MEZZI TECNICI PER L'AGRICOLTURA B
Page 43 and 44: POSTER 1. Agosteo G.E., Ambrosio M.
Page 45 and 46: 31. Pietri A., Bertuzzi T., Barbier
Page 47 and 48: 1 PROVE DI LOTTA ALL’OIDIO DELLO
Page 49 and 50: 2 LUPINUS ALBUS, AN ANCIENT EUROPEA
Page 51 and 52: Table 1. Benzo(a)pyrene and benzo(e
Page 53 and 54: 5 INSETTICIDI D’ORIGINE VEGETALE
Page 55 and 56: Tabella 2. Piretrine: composizione
Page 57: californicus (fitoseide predatore)
Page 61 and 62: 8 METHODS FOR EVALUATION, IN CONTRO
Page 63 and 64: Figure 3. Effect of Pseudomonas sp.
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Page 83 and 84: Tab. III - Residui di timolo(mg/Kg)
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Page 87 and 88: 15 ORGANIC WHEAT QUALITY AND PRODUC
Page 89 and 90: 16 IL CONTROLLO DELLA “ MOSCA DEL
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Page 93 and 94: 17 Il contenimento della ticchiolat
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Page 103 and 104: Tab. 3 Flavonol content (µg/ml) in
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Table 3 - Efficacy of different tre
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21 CONTAMINAZIONE DA MICOTOSSINE IN
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Ricerca: Aflatossine B1 B1+B2+G1+G2
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Campioni non Conformi 3,4 % B1 Camp
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22 PEPTIDATI DI RAME: PRODOTTI INNO
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23 CHARACTERIZATION OF ORGANIC VIRG
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24 CHARACTERIZATION OF ORGANIC VIRG
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25 EFFICACY EVALUATION OF BIOLOGICA
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Fig. 1 - Effects of Biological Cont
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26 IL CONTROLLO DELLE OPERAZIONI DI
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Results and Discussion S. carpocaps
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entompathogenic nematodes. CSC-EC E
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After this preliminary screening an
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FIGURE 3. Insecticidal activity of
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Several colonies of Lepidopteran, C
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PDF creato con FinePrint pdfFactory
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M. Scribano research work was suppo
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Nematode isolate % Mortality 3 100
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In our trial organic wheat showed a
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per "strippare" i vapori nitrosi re
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L’ultima parte della ricerca è s
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33 INVESTIGATIONS ON THE BACTERICID
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Vengono qui riportati i risultati d
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while for dinocap is 10 pg/µL. For
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[Pb](ng/ml) Figure 1: Pb content of
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