SIERRA LEONE maq 4ª.indd - agrilife - Europa

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6 Survey Results 118 market values to assess the cost of all inputs in the case of Neoclassical Approach (VC-NA) and the perceived costs in the case of the Peasant Farming Approach (VC-PF). Under VC-NA calculation the labour costs account for about 50-90% of production cost in all districts, livestock purchases around 2-7%, seed representing around up to 20% and tools, the lowest, around 1-3%, except Kenema where tools constitute almost 10% of the production costs. While by PF calculation the real costs perceived by farmers are seed costs that account for 20-50% of the total costs, livestock costs from 7 to 34%, hired labour costs in cash crop farms representing around 40%, and tools rising to 10-20% of the input costs (Table 31). The absolute size of the variable costs of the smallholders for the five districts are represented in Figure 58, which again highlights the difference between the two approaches regarding the exclusion of household labour and hired labour costs in the case of food cropping for both regions. 6.2.2 Economic viability of smallholders Economic viability of smallholders is addressed in two different ways: farm viability and household viability. While farm viability is assessed using the concept of reproduction threshold, household viability is contrasted by defining a Full Poverty and Extreme (Food) Poverty Lines. Before moving on to the analysis, it is important to highlight that in the present study the evaluation of economic viability is undertaken using only cross-section data. For a more in depth analysis that could reflect issues of sustainability in the long term panel data would be necessary. However disposing only of one year observation the latter is out of the scope of the present exercise. Farm viability of smallholders The economic viability of farms is assessed by focusing on the farm net income per household working unit (FNI/hhWU) in relation to the utilised agricultural land area per household working unit (area/hhWU). These economic analyses allow direct comparison of the income level across farm types. Based on the Peasant Farming (PF) approach on income calculation, the farm viability for each smallholder, in the Northern and Eastern regions are illustrated in Figure 59 and Figure 60, respectively. These are immediately followed by the results of income measurements under the Neoclassical approach (NA) (See Figure 61 and Figure 62). Figure 59. Farm viability of smallholders in Northern region based on Peasant Farming Approach
Figure 60. Farm viability of smallholders in Eastern region based on Peasant Farming Approach Figure 61. Farm viability of smallholders in Northern region based on Neoclassical Approach In Northern districts and under PF income measurement, 86% of the farms are above the reproduction threshold, meaning that they are viable, and only 14% fall below this threshold (RT North = 0) 42 . On the other hand, the NA income calculations show that only 5% of the farm households are above and 95% fall below the reproduction threshold for the same region. 42 The reproduction threshold for the Northern region (RT north) was set to be equal to zero level of Farm Net Income (see Chapter 5) This in particular suggests that almost all surveyed farms in Tonkolili and Bombali are unviable. This result does not reflect the reality of surveyed areas as smallholders in fact have been producing at least since the end of the civil conflict period in the country. This implies that in order to survive the smallholders are highly dependent on their village/chiefdom values, culture and agricultural arrangements. In other words they are not fully integrated into the market economy and thus their behaviour is not adequately depicted by the neoclassical theory rationale. Rural poverty reduction and food security: The case of smallholders in Sierra Leone 119
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Rural poverty reduction and food se
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Table of Contents Acknowledgments 2
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7 Conclusions 157 7.1 Surveyed Smal
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Table 31. Different output values a
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Figure 34. Local participation in t
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Figure 96. Change in income as a re
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Executive Summary Agriculture is es
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attention needs to be paid to the i
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1 Introduction 18 Box 1: Food Secur
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2 Description of the Context in Sie
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Figure 2. Structure of the populati
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Diseases such as malaria and tuberc
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to energy supplies 8 , a low-skille
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Figure 4. Composition of exports fr
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3 The Agricultural Sector 32 agrari
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3 The Agricultural Sector 34 Figure
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3 The Agricultural Sector 38 3.1.2
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3 The Agricultural Sector 40 scale
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3 The Agricultural Sector 42 absorb
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3 The Agricultural Sector 46 availa
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3 The Agricultural Sector 48 and in
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3 The Agricultural Sector 50 origin
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3 The Agricultural Sector 52 The us
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3 The Agricultural Sector 54 crops
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3 The Agricultural Sector 56 • Se
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3 The Agricultural Sector 58 severe
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3 The Agricultural Sector 62 Table
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3 The Agricultural Sector 64 Table
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3 The Agricultural Sector 66 post-h
Page 70 and 71: 4 EU Support Programmes for Rice an
Page 72 and 73: 4 EU Support Programmes for Rice an
Page 75 and 76: 5 Survey Methodology In this sectio
Page 77 and 78: sampling techniques were employed t
Page 79 and 80: up an agrarian system. The househol
Page 81 and 82: Farm Net Income per working unit: D
Page 83 and 84: price, which is higher than the mar
Page 85 and 86: stock or exchanges at the village l
Page 87 and 88: = 0.72) for non-food requirements.
Page 89 and 90: 6 Survey Results This section addre
Page 91 and 92: 6.1.2 Main activities and income so
Page 93 and 94: Figure 24. Average acreage under cu
Page 95 and 96: Table 24. Resources of smallholders
Page 97 and 98: Figure 30. Total acre per household
Page 99 and 100: harvesting period (Sesay et al., 20
Page 101 and 102: Figure 34. Local participation in t
Page 103 and 104: improved management strategies at p
Page 105 and 106: Figure 41. Crop mix categories in t
Page 107 and 108: when analysing the smallholder viab
Page 109 and 110: Table 27. Economic results of the s
Page 111 and 112: Table 29. Economic results of the s
Page 113 and 114: Figure 47. Farm Net Income for an a
Page 115 and 116: hired labour costs for self-subsist
Page 117 and 118: Figure 52. Output value of rice per
Page 119: Figure 57. Distribution of tree cro
Page 123 and 124: Figure 63. Farm viability per farm
Page 125 and 126: Table 32. Percentage of farms per r
Page 127 and 128: Figure 69. Poverty level per farm t
Page 129 and 130: Figure 72. Cocoa and coffee output
Page 131 and 132: Figure 76. Total labour productivit
Page 133 and 134: Figure 80. Labour productivity per
Page 135 and 136: Figure 83. Labour productivity per
Page 137 and 138: 6.4 Evaluation of the influence of
Page 139 and 140: Table 33. Evaluation Matrix for Sup
Page 141 and 142: Figure 87. Adequacy of support prov
Page 143 and 144: Figure 91. Adequacy of support prov
Page 145 and 146: Figure 95. Change in income as a re
Page 147 and 148: Figure 97. Impact of support on dif
Page 149 and 150: Figure 100. Expected sustainability
Page 151 and 152: Figure 103. Average farm net income
Page 153 and 154: Figure 107. Cultivated area of non-
Page 155 and 156: Figure 111. Revelance of income sou
Page 157: Figure 115. Number of tractors hire
Page 160 and 161: 7 Conclusions 158 Table 34. Basic C
Page 162 and 163: 7 Conclusions 160 Under the Peasant
Page 164 and 165: 7 Conclusions 162 In the Eastern di
Page 166 and 167: 7 Conclusions 164 may actually bene
Page 168 and 169: 7 Conclusions 166 determining the d
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8 References 168 Crowley, E.L. (199
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8 References 170 GoSL and EC Govern
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8 References 172 Moreau P., F. Mabo
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8 References 174 van Wesenbeeck C.F
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9 Appendices 176 HOUSEHOLD DEMOGRAP
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9 Appendices 178 COMMUNITY LEADERSH
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9 Appendices 180 Planting materials
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9 Appendices 182 Could you explain
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9 Appendices 184 Externality Please
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9 Appendices 186 Infrastructure/com
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9 Appendices 188 LABOUR INPUT- FOOD
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9 Appendices 190 OTHER INPUTS QUANT
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9 Appendices 192 YIELD LOSSES Now w
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9 Appendices 194 Figure: % of farms
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9 Appendices 196 Figure: Average fa
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9 Appendices 198 Labour productivit
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9 Appendices 200 Labour productivit
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9 Appendices 202
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SIERRA LEONE maq 4ª.indd - agrilife - Europa

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