SIERRA LEONE maq 4ª.indd - agrilife - Europa

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3 The Agricultural Sector 40 scale fishing in inland waters. Industrial fishing is mainly done by foreign fleets. Aquaculture is not yet of significance. Total catch is currently estimated at 65,000 mt with artisanal production accounting for up to 70%. The fisheries subsector contributes 21% of agricultural GDP (MAFF, 2001). From before the war, the government started exploiting this resource in partnership with foreign governments and companies who are mainly providing the vessels. Fish exports from Sierra Leone are made up of fish products manufactured by industrial fishing trawlers operating offshore. Foreign-owned vessels fish in Sierra Leone waters through joint arrangements with Sierra Leonean nationals. They comprise demersal, pelagic and shrimp trawlers as well as purse seine vessels fishing for tuna and herring. According to Jalloh (2006) the absence of homebased industrial fishing vessels and land based infrastructure and facilities to catch and process fish, limits the country’s ability to maximize benefits from this resource. Fishing is carried out largely by local canoes which exploit the inshore waters and the three large estuaries in the north-west and south of the country. There are an estimated 20,000 full time fisher (2.7% of active population in 2007 as reported in Table 3) men operating with some 6,000 boats of different sizes and designs. The level of boat motorisation is about 16%. A variety of fishing gears are in use (ring nets, drift nets, beach seines, cast nets, hook and line). The bulk of the fish produced by the artisanal sector is consumed locally. (Jalloh, 2006) Forestry Only 5% of the total land area is currently covered by closed forest (approximately, 640,000 ha), the remainder having being converted by cultivation mainly to bush fallow and to secondary forest re-growth; and in some areas, to derived savannah. The productive timber area is estimated at about 180,250 ha. The greatest potential in the forestry sub-sector is the edaphic and climatic conditions, which provide favourable natural growth rates. Saw-log-sized timber can be obtained from Gmelina arborea in about 15 years, from pines in 25 years and from local hardwoods such as Termilina species in 35 years (MAFFS, 2001). Fuel wood and charcoal production is the most important forestry activity and provides a supplementary source of income for most farmers. It is estimated that the country would require at least 30% of total land area to be under forest in order to be self-sufficient in wood. Forest reserves under the government comprise about 4 % of the country, and currently represent almost the only reliable source of timber. The contribution of forestry to the agricultural sectors GDP has varied between 9 % and 13 % since 1984/85 (Jalloh, 2006). 3.2 Agro-Ecologies, Agricultural Production and Agrarian System Sierra Leone belongs to the humid climate zone of tropical Africa and it is thus characterised by a mix of rainforest and savannah woodland in 70% of its territory (see Figure 13 and Table 7). The climate in Sierra Leone is monsoon-type humid tropical with two distinct seasons. The rainy season spans from May to October and the dry season goes from November to April. Annual rainfall averages about 3000 millimetres, ranging from a low of 2000 millimetres in the North to a high of 4000 millimetres in the South. The average monthly temperature ranges from 23 to 29 degrees Celsius, with a maximum of 36 degrees in the lowlands towards the end of the dry season and a minimum of 15 degrees in the highlands at the beginning of the dry season (IFPRI, 2009). Rainforest is the predominant natural vegetation in humid tropical areas (in Sierra Leone, rainforest is present in nearly 38% of the territory). In this eco-system, nutrients are partially
Figure 13. Agro-Ecological Regions in Sierra Leone (%) Source: Own calculations. Data taken from Table 7: UNDP/FAO, Land Resources Survey, 1979 (in the Agricultural Sector Review – Main Report – June 2004) & IFPRI (2009). Table 7. Agro-Ecological Regions in Sierra Leone MANGROVE/ SWAMP/ GRASSLAND/ COASTAL PLAIN WOODLAND SAVANNA RAIN FOREST/ SAVANNAH Area (KM2) 11,016 27,993 20,712 RAIN FOREST 12,579 GRASSLAND HILLS /MOUNTAINS 14,723 Dominant Landform Estuarine swamps, alluvial plains, beach ridges and coastal terraces. Drainage depressions, undulating plains, low plateau and hills. Plateau with undulating high lying plains, rolling hills. Plateau with undulating plains, rolling plains and hills. Highly dissected hill ridges Altitude Average Temp. (OC) Rainfall (mm.) Average L GP DAYS < 150 27.9 3000 260 ± 10 150-300 28.2 2280 255 ± 10 150-300 28.5 2730 270 – 300 300-600 28.6 2660 314 ± 9 > 600 Dominant Vegetation Mangrove, swamp and grassland. Lophira Savannah, Savannah woodland, mixed tree Savannah upland grassland and forest regrowth. Savannah woodland, grassland and forest re-growth. Forest and forest re-growth. Mountain grassland. Upland Grassland Source: Adapted from UNDP/FAO, Land Resources Survey, 1979 (in the Agricultural Sector Review – Main Report – June 2004) & IFPRI (2009). Rural poverty reduction and food security: The case of smallholders in Sierra Leone 41
Page 3 and 4: Rural poverty reduction and food se
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents Acknowledgments 2
Page 7 and 8: 7 Conclusions 157 7.1 Surveyed Smal
Page 9 and 10: Table 31. Different output values a
Page 11 and 12: Figure 34. Local participation in t
Page 13 and 14: Figure 96. Change in income as a re
Page 15 and 16: Executive Summary Agriculture is es
Page 17: attention needs to be paid to the i
Page 20 and 21: 1 Introduction 18 Box 1: Food Secur
Page 23 and 24: 2 Description of the Context in Sie
Page 25 and 26: Figure 2. Structure of the populati
Page 27 and 28: Diseases such as malaria and tuberc
Page 29 and 30: to energy supplies 8 , a low-skille
Page 31: Figure 4. Composition of exports fr
Page 34 and 35: 3 The Agricultural Sector 32 agrari
Page 36 and 37: 3 The Agricultural Sector 34 Figure
Page 40 and 41: 3 The Agricultural Sector 38 3.1.2
Page 44 and 45: 3 The Agricultural Sector 42 absorb
Page 48 and 49: 3 The Agricultural Sector 46 availa
Page 50 and 51: 3 The Agricultural Sector 48 and in
Page 52 and 53: 3 The Agricultural Sector 50 origin
Page 54 and 55: 3 The Agricultural Sector 52 The us
Page 56 and 57: 3 The Agricultural Sector 54 crops
Page 58 and 59: 3 The Agricultural Sector 56 • Se
Page 60 and 61: 3 The Agricultural Sector 58 severe
Page 64 and 65: 3 The Agricultural Sector 62 Table
Page 66 and 67: 3 The Agricultural Sector 64 Table
Page 68 and 69: 3 The Agricultural Sector 66 post-h
Page 70 and 71: 4 EU Support Programmes for Rice an
Page 72 and 73: 4 EU Support Programmes for Rice an
Page 75 and 76: 5 Survey Methodology In this sectio
Page 77 and 78: sampling techniques were employed t
Page 79 and 80: up an agrarian system. The househol
Page 81 and 82: Farm Net Income per working unit: D
Page 83 and 84: price, which is higher than the mar
Page 85 and 86: stock or exchanges at the village l
Page 87 and 88: = 0.72) for non-food requirements.
Page 89 and 90: 6 Survey Results This section addre
Page 91 and 92: 6.1.2 Main activities and income so
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Figure 24. Average acreage under cu
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Table 24. Resources of smallholders
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Figure 30. Total acre per household
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harvesting period (Sesay et al., 20
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Figure 34. Local participation in t
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improved management strategies at p
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Figure 41. Crop mix categories in t
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when analysing the smallholder viab
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Table 27. Economic results of the s
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Table 29. Economic results of the s
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Figure 47. Farm Net Income for an a
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hired labour costs for self-subsist
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Figure 52. Output value of rice per
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Figure 57. Distribution of tree cro
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Figure 60. Farm viability of smallh
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Figure 63. Farm viability per farm
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Table 32. Percentage of farms per r
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Figure 69. Poverty level per farm t
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Figure 72. Cocoa and coffee output
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Figure 76. Total labour productivit
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Figure 80. Labour productivity per
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Figure 83. Labour productivity per
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6.4 Evaluation of the influence of
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Table 33. Evaluation Matrix for Sup
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Figure 87. Adequacy of support prov
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Figure 91. Adequacy of support prov
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Figure 95. Change in income as a re
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Figure 97. Impact of support on dif
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Figure 100. Expected sustainability
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Figure 103. Average farm net income
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Figure 107. Cultivated area of non-
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Figure 111. Revelance of income sou
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Figure 115. Number of tractors hire
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7 Conclusions 158 Table 34. Basic C
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7 Conclusions 160 Under the Peasant
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7 Conclusions 162 In the Eastern di
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7 Conclusions 164 may actually bene
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7 Conclusions 166 determining the d
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8 References 168 Crowley, E.L. (199
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8 References 170 GoSL and EC Govern
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8 References 172 Moreau P., F. Mabo
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8 References 174 van Wesenbeeck C.F
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9 Appendices 176 HOUSEHOLD DEMOGRAP
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9 Appendices 178 COMMUNITY LEADERSH
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9 Appendices 180 Planting materials
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9 Appendices 182 Could you explain
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9 Appendices 184 Externality Please
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9 Appendices 186 Infrastructure/com
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9 Appendices 188 LABOUR INPUT- FOOD
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9 Appendices 190 OTHER INPUTS QUANT
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9 Appendices 192 YIELD LOSSES Now w
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9 Appendices 194 Figure: % of farms
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9 Appendices 196 Figure: Average fa
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9 Appendices 198 Labour productivit
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9 Appendices 200 Labour productivit
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9 Appendices 202
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