SIERRA LEONE maq 4ª.indd - agrilife - Europa

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7 Conclusions 166 determining the differential success of individuals and households in securing viable livelihoods that can provide higher material standards of living. Concerning agricultural aspects, it has been already explained that it is the Paramount Chief who solves land disputes, assigns lands to new or foreign claimants and in the cases of certain families may even organises land rotation and allocate plots to farm households. This implies that as land is rotated every one or two years, plot sizes cultivated by each farm household may vary regarding situation and crop orientation and mixes. This also indicates that property rights and the necessary mechanisms to access credit are not in place, thus limiting smallholders’ possibility of investing. Ultimately, a major improvement in future surveys lies in distinguishing key players in the decision-making process regarding agricultural production as well as a deeper understanding of the institutional background. Also, it would be interesting to analyze whether the Paramount Chief has influence in other off farm economic activities, such as petty trade or small scale manufacturing. Ellis (2000) argues that field methods aimed at investigating rural poverty may be improved by combining sample surveys with participatory approaches such as the Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA). Other participatory approaches include the Community Development Approach (CDA) promoted by the World Bank. While the principal strength of the sample survey is its capacity to yield detailed quantitative information at a household/individual level, PRA or CDA may allow capturing some of the complexity involving farm-household relations and their immediate socio-economic and institutional environment. By explicitly considering these issues in the elaboration of farm household surveys, the analysis of income generation and production practices could be substantially enhanced, mainly for the contexts of agro-forestry systems in West Africa.
8 References Action Aid International Sierra Leone (2008) Baseline survey report, Use of STABEX transfers project SL/ RFMO/2006/002. ActionAid International Sierra Leone (2009) Annual Report. http://www.actionaid.org/assets/pdf/ ActionAid-Annual-Report-2009-web.pdf. Barbier, E.B. and Burgess, J.C. (2001) The Economics of Deforestation Journal of Economic Surveys Vol. 15 No. 3 pp 413 - 433. Becker, M., and Johnson D. E. (2001) Cropping intensity effects on upland rice yield and sustainability in West Africa, Nutrient Cycling in Agro ecosystems Vol. 59 pp 107–117. Bernard Tinker, P., Ingram J.S.I. and Struew, S. (1996) Effects of slash-and-burn agriculture and deforestation on climate Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment Vol 58 Issue 1 pp 13 -22. Boadway, R. (2006): Principles of Cost-Benefit Analysis Public Policy Review, Vol.2, No.1 2006. Canali, M. and Slaviero, F. (2010) Food in security and risk management of smallholder farming systems in Ethiopia. 9th European IFSA Symposium, 4-7 July 2010, Vienna. Cattaneo, A. (2001) Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon: Comparing the Impacts of Macroeconomic Shocks, Land Tenure, and Technological Change. Land Economics May 2011 77 (2) pp 219-240. Chayanov, A.V. (1966) The Theory of Peasant Economy (translated from Russian and German editions published in 1920) Homewood, Illinois. Cherif M., Audebert A., Fofana M. and Zouzou M. (2009) Evaluation of iron toxicity on lowland irrigated rice in West Africa, Tropicultura, CTB/BTC, KAOW/ARSOM, Belgium, Vol. 27 n°2, http://www.bib.fsagx. ac.be/tropicultura/text/v27n2.pdf Accessed on 10/12/2009. Chibnik, M. (1978) Value of Subsistence Production, Journal of Anthropological Research, Vol 34, No. 4, p 561-576 1978. http://www.jstor.org/pss/3629650. Coelli TJ and Prasada Rao DS (2005) Total factor productivity growth in agriculture: a Malmquist index analysis of 93 countries. 1980-2000. Agricultural Economics Vol 32 No1 pp115-134. Colman, D. and Young, T. (1989) Principles of Agricultural Economics. Markets and Prices in Less Developed Countries. Cambridge University Press. Cornell, J.D. and Miller, M. “Slash and burn” Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. C. Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth January 31, 2007 http://www.eoearth.org/article/Slash_and_burn. Rural poverty reduction and food security: The case of smallholders in Sierra Leone 167
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Rural poverty reduction and food se
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Table of Contents Acknowledgments 2
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7 Conclusions 157 7.1 Surveyed Smal
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Table 31. Different output values a
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Figure 34. Local participation in t
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Figure 96. Change in income as a re
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Executive Summary Agriculture is es
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attention needs to be paid to the i
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1 Introduction 18 Box 1: Food Secur
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2 Description of the Context in Sie
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Figure 2. Structure of the populati
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Diseases such as malaria and tuberc
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to energy supplies 8 , a low-skille
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Figure 4. Composition of exports fr
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3 The Agricultural Sector 32 agrari
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3 The Agricultural Sector 34 Figure
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3 The Agricultural Sector 38 3.1.2
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3 The Agricultural Sector 40 scale
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3 The Agricultural Sector 42 absorb
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3 The Agricultural Sector 46 availa
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3 The Agricultural Sector 48 and in
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3 The Agricultural Sector 50 origin
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3 The Agricultural Sector 52 The us
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3 The Agricultural Sector 54 crops
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3 The Agricultural Sector 56 • Se
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3 The Agricultural Sector 58 severe
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3 The Agricultural Sector 62 Table
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3 The Agricultural Sector 64 Table
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3 The Agricultural Sector 66 post-h
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4 EU Support Programmes for Rice an
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4 EU Support Programmes for Rice an
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5 Survey Methodology In this sectio
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sampling techniques were employed t
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up an agrarian system. The househol
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Farm Net Income per working unit: D
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price, which is higher than the mar
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stock or exchanges at the village l
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= 0.72) for non-food requirements.
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6 Survey Results This section addre
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6.1.2 Main activities and income so
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Figure 24. Average acreage under cu
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Table 24. Resources of smallholders
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Figure 30. Total acre per household
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harvesting period (Sesay et al., 20
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Figure 34. Local participation in t
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improved management strategies at p
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Figure 41. Crop mix categories in t
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when analysing the smallholder viab
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Table 27. Economic results of the s
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Table 29. Economic results of the s
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Figure 47. Farm Net Income for an a
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hired labour costs for self-subsist
Page 117 and 118: Figure 52. Output value of rice per
Page 119 and 120: Figure 57. Distribution of tree cro
Page 121 and 122: Figure 60. Farm viability of smallh
Page 123 and 124: Figure 63. Farm viability per farm
Page 125 and 126: Table 32. Percentage of farms per r
Page 127 and 128: Figure 69. Poverty level per farm t
Page 129 and 130: Figure 72. Cocoa and coffee output
Page 131 and 132: Figure 76. Total labour productivit
Page 133 and 134: Figure 80. Labour productivity per
Page 135 and 136: Figure 83. Labour productivity per
Page 137 and 138: 6.4 Evaluation of the influence of
Page 139 and 140: Table 33. Evaluation Matrix for Sup
Page 141 and 142: Figure 87. Adequacy of support prov
Page 143 and 144: Figure 91. Adequacy of support prov
Page 145 and 146: Figure 95. Change in income as a re
Page 147 and 148: Figure 97. Impact of support on dif
Page 149 and 150: Figure 100. Expected sustainability
Page 151 and 152: Figure 103. Average farm net income
Page 153 and 154: Figure 107. Cultivated area of non-
Page 155 and 156: Figure 111. Revelance of income sou
Page 157: Figure 115. Number of tractors hire
Page 160 and 161: 7 Conclusions 158 Table 34. Basic C
Page 162 and 163: 7 Conclusions 160 Under the Peasant
Page 164 and 165: 7 Conclusions 162 In the Eastern di
Page 166 and 167: 7 Conclusions 164 may actually bene
Page 170 and 171: 8 References 168 Crowley, E.L. (199
Page 172 and 173: 8 References 170 GoSL and EC Govern
Page 174 and 175: 8 References 172 Moreau P., F. Mabo
Page 176 and 177: 8 References 174 van Wesenbeeck C.F
Page 178 and 179: 9 Appendices 176 HOUSEHOLD DEMOGRAP
Page 180 and 181: 9 Appendices 178 COMMUNITY LEADERSH
Page 182 and 183: 9 Appendices 180 Planting materials
Page 184 and 185: 9 Appendices 182 Could you explain
Page 186 and 187: 9 Appendices 184 Externality Please
Page 188 and 189: 9 Appendices 186 Infrastructure/com
Page 190 and 191: 9 Appendices 188 LABOUR INPUT- FOOD
Page 192 and 193: 9 Appendices 190 OTHER INPUTS QUANT
Page 194 and 195: 9 Appendices 192 YIELD LOSSES Now w
Page 196 and 197: 9 Appendices 194 Figure: % of farms
Page 198 and 199: 9 Appendices 196 Figure: Average fa
Page 200 and 201: 9 Appendices 198 Labour productivit
Page 202 and 203: 9 Appendices 200 Labour productivit
Page 204 and 205: 9 Appendices 202
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