SIERRA LEONE maq 4ª.indd - agrilife - Europa

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3 The Agricultural Sector 38 3.1.2 Livestock, Fishery and Forestry Livestock Almost 90% of Sierra Leone’s cattle are in the Northern region and owned by the Fula or Fulani ethnic group who represent about 5% of the country’s population. All the ruminants are indigenous populations of well adapted trypano-tolerant animals 17 . Birth rates are low (45%), mortality is high and off take is only 7%, due mainly to deficiencies and uncontrolled parasites and diseases. In comparison to the rest of countries in the Western African sub-region, Sierra Leone has relatively a small number of livestock heads (Table 6, Figure 12). Open grazing is generally practiced with cattle driven away in search of fresh fields by herd boys during the day and kept in wooden fence enclosures during the night. During the dry season when fresh grass is scarce, cattle are let loose for about three to four months until the rains commence and fresh grass is again abundant, then they are gathered and controlled. There is high risk of crop damage by cows during the dry season often causing conflicts among families in the villages. Cows are milked by Table 6. Livestock (heads) per major category in selected countries of Western Africa (2008) COUNTRY CATTLE GOATS PIGS SHEEP TOTAL (Sheep Equivalent) BENIN 1905000 1472250 341000 792750 17846000 CAMEROON 6000000 4400000 1350000 3800000 57550000 C AFRICAN REP 3950000 4069000 800000 294000 36763000 CONGO 115000 295000 68712 100000 1383712 DEM REP CONGO 752630 4046100 965130 902270 11934540 GABON 36500 92000 215000 196000 795000 GAMBIA 432000 380000 27000 209500 4072500 GHANA 1438000 4625000 521000 3642000 20292000 GUINEA 4408956 1696087 86431 1418886 38473052 GUINEA BISSAU 599200 392700 401300 388750 5976350 GUINEA EQ 5100 9100 6300 38000 94200 IV COAST 1537750 1281680 320000 1631230 15534910 LIBERIA 38500 285000 199500 241000 1033500 NIGERIA 16293200 53800400 6908030 33874300 224928330 SENEGAL 3207697 4470562 325747 5241352 35699237 <strong>SIERRA</strong> <strong>LEONE</strong> 350000 540000 52000 470000 3862000 TOGO 366350 1508100 582400 2001500 7022800 Note: Buffaloes are not found in Western Africa. To compute the total in sheep equivalent terms the category of “cattle” was multiplied by 8 while the remaining were multiplied by 1, i.e. same conversion factors as those used by Coelli et al (2005). Source: FAOSTAT 17 The predominant breed of cattle in the country is Ndama; Sheep breed is Djallonke and goats are West African Dwarf.
Figure 12. Livestock (Ship-equivalent %) in selected countries of Western Africa Source: Own calculations from table 6. women during the lactating period and every second day as yields diminish. The milk is processed into butter and yoghurt which they sell in nearby markets or along the road sides. Women have the responsibility for looking after calves. Although its productivity is low, it is a hardy breed (i.e. trypano-tolerant) that is welladapted to the prevailing ecological and socioeconomic conditions (Jalloh, 2006). Poultry are the most widely owned form of livestock and also the most numerous. Poultry mostly comprise domestic fowl, although there are smaller numbers of Guinea fowl and Muscovy ducks. Pigs are also widely distributed with many found in urban areas. The country’s livestock population has been very severely depleted during the conflict and many years will be required to rebuild stock numbers to pre-war level. In the early 2000’s, livestock contributed 4% of agricultural GDP (MAFF, 2001). According to Unruh and Turray (2006) the decimation of livestock population during the war is a particular food security concern in the country. “Livestock herds of reproductive utility require long periods to recover. Presently a single female cow in reproductive age can cost one million Leones ($350 - $400 USD). During the war the RUF shot a great deal of livestock, both for food and to decimate the countryside. In the north of the country the Fulani lost a great deal of livestock and moved their remaining herds across the border into Guinea. For the most part the Fulani herders have yet to return to be able to contribute to recovery of the national herd. Prior to the war ox traction was common in some areas, particularly in the north. Goat and poultry restocking programs are currently underway, and these can contribute to food security more quickly than cattle restocking programs; although cattle could also assist in related farming activities, primarily ploughing and transportation” (p 5, 2006). Fishing Along its coastline of 570 km and the continental shelf area of 25,600 km 2 , Sierra Leone is rich with marine resources. It is also well endowed with inland waters (rivers, lakes, and flood plains) which support a large number of aquatic organisms. Fisheries are dominated by artisanal marine capture systems, and by small Rural poverty reduction and food security: The case of smallholders in Sierra Leone 39
Page 3 and 4: Rural poverty reduction and food se
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents Acknowledgments 2
Page 7 and 8: 7 Conclusions 157 7.1 Surveyed Smal
Page 9 and 10: Table 31. Different output values a
Page 11 and 12: Figure 34. Local participation in t
Page 13 and 14: Figure 96. Change in income as a re
Page 15 and 16: Executive Summary Agriculture is es
Page 17: attention needs to be paid to the i
Page 20 and 21: 1 Introduction 18 Box 1: Food Secur
Page 23 and 24: 2 Description of the Context in Sie
Page 25 and 26: Figure 2. Structure of the populati
Page 27 and 28: Diseases such as malaria and tuberc
Page 29 and 30: to energy supplies 8 , a low-skille
Page 31: Figure 4. Composition of exports fr
Page 34 and 35: 3 The Agricultural Sector 32 agrari
Page 36 and 37: 3 The Agricultural Sector 34 Figure
Page 42 and 43: 3 The Agricultural Sector 40 scale
Page 44 and 45: 3 The Agricultural Sector 42 absorb
Page 48 and 49: 3 The Agricultural Sector 46 availa
Page 50 and 51: 3 The Agricultural Sector 48 and in
Page 52 and 53: 3 The Agricultural Sector 50 origin
Page 54 and 55: 3 The Agricultural Sector 52 The us
Page 56 and 57: 3 The Agricultural Sector 54 crops
Page 58 and 59: 3 The Agricultural Sector 56 • Se
Page 60 and 61: 3 The Agricultural Sector 58 severe
Page 64 and 65: 3 The Agricultural Sector 62 Table
Page 66 and 67: 3 The Agricultural Sector 64 Table
Page 68 and 69: 3 The Agricultural Sector 66 post-h
Page 70 and 71: 4 EU Support Programmes for Rice an
Page 72 and 73: 4 EU Support Programmes for Rice an
Page 75 and 76: 5 Survey Methodology In this sectio
Page 77 and 78: sampling techniques were employed t
Page 79 and 80: up an agrarian system. The househol
Page 81 and 82: Farm Net Income per working unit: D
Page 83 and 84: price, which is higher than the mar
Page 85 and 86: stock or exchanges at the village l
Page 87 and 88: = 0.72) for non-food requirements.
Page 89 and 90: 6 Survey Results This section addre
Page 91 and 92:
6.1.2 Main activities and income so
Page 93 and 94:
Figure 24. Average acreage under cu
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Table 24. Resources of smallholders
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Figure 30. Total acre per household
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harvesting period (Sesay et al., 20
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Figure 34. Local participation in t
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improved management strategies at p
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Figure 41. Crop mix categories in t
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when analysing the smallholder viab
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Table 27. Economic results of the s
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Table 29. Economic results of the s
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Figure 47. Farm Net Income for an a
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hired labour costs for self-subsist
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Figure 52. Output value of rice per
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Figure 57. Distribution of tree cro
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Figure 60. Farm viability of smallh
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Figure 63. Farm viability per farm
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Table 32. Percentage of farms per r
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Figure 69. Poverty level per farm t
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Figure 72. Cocoa and coffee output
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Figure 76. Total labour productivit
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Figure 80. Labour productivity per
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Figure 83. Labour productivity per
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6.4 Evaluation of the influence of
Page 139 and 140:
Table 33. Evaluation Matrix for Sup
Page 141 and 142:
Figure 87. Adequacy of support prov
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Figure 91. Adequacy of support prov
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Figure 95. Change in income as a re
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Figure 97. Impact of support on dif
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Figure 100. Expected sustainability
Page 151 and 152:
Figure 103. Average farm net income
Page 153 and 154:
Figure 107. Cultivated area of non-
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Figure 111. Revelance of income sou
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Figure 115. Number of tractors hire
Page 160 and 161:
7 Conclusions 158 Table 34. Basic C
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7 Conclusions 160 Under the Peasant
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7 Conclusions 162 In the Eastern di
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7 Conclusions 164 may actually bene
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7 Conclusions 166 determining the d
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8 References 168 Crowley, E.L. (199
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8 References 170 GoSL and EC Govern
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8 References 172 Moreau P., F. Mabo
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8 References 174 van Wesenbeeck C.F
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9 Appendices 176 HOUSEHOLD DEMOGRAP
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9 Appendices 178 COMMUNITY LEADERSH
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9 Appendices 180 Planting materials
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9 Appendices 182 Could you explain
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9 Appendices 184 Externality Please
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9 Appendices 186 Infrastructure/com
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9 Appendices 188 LABOUR INPUT- FOOD
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9 Appendices 190 OTHER INPUTS QUANT
Page 194 and 195:
9 Appendices 192 YIELD LOSSES Now w
Page 196 and 197:
9 Appendices 194 Figure: % of farms
Page 198 and 199:
9 Appendices 196 Figure: Average fa
Page 200 and 201:
9 Appendices 198 Labour productivit
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9 Appendices 200 Labour productivit
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9 Appendices 202
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