Mackey A G - Encylopedia of Freemasonry - The Grand Masonic ...

ITALY
JACOBINS 359
were established under his auspices . In 1738,
Pope Clement XIV . issued his bull forbidding
all congregations of Freemasons, which was
followed in January, 1739, by the edict of
Cardinal Firrao, which inflicted the penalty of
death and confiscation of goods on all who
should contravene the Papal order . Several
arrests were made at Florence by the Inquisition,
but, through the intercession of the
Grand Duke, the persons who had been arrested
were set at liberty.
For many years Freemasonry held but a
precarious existence in Italy, the persecutions
of the Church preventing any healthy growth .
The Masons continued to meet, although generally
in secret . The Masons of Rome struck
a medal, in 1746, in honor of Martin Folkes ;
and the author of Anti Saint-Nicaise says
that there was a Grand Lodge at Naples in
1756, which was in correspondence with the
Lodges of Germany. Naples, indeed, seems to
have been for a long time the only place where
the Lodges were in any kind of activity . In
1776, Queen Caroline exerted her interest in
behalf of the Order. Smith, writing in 1783
(Use and Abuse, p . 211), says, "At present
most of the Italian nobles and dignified ecclesiastics
are Freemasons, who hold their
meetings generally in private houses, though
they have established Lodges at Naples, Leghorn,
Venice, Verona, Turin, Messina, in the
island of Sicily, Genoa, and Modena."
In 1805 a Supreme Council of the Ancient
and Accepted Rite was established at Milan
by Count de Grasse-Tilly, and Prince Eugene
accepted the offices of Grand Commander of
the Council and Grand Master of the Grand
Orient .
When, by the defeat of Napoleon in 1814,
the liberal policy of France was withdrawn
from Italy, to be again substituted by the ignorance
of the Bourbon dynasty and the bigotry
of the Roman Church, Italian Masonry
ceased any longer to have an existence nor did
it revive until 1860. But the centralization of
Italy, and the political movements that led to
it, restored Italy to freedom and intelligence,
and Freemasonry had again found, even beneath
the shadow of the Vatican, a congenial
soil .
A Lodge was established at Turin in 1859,
and a Grand Lodge in 1861 . A Grand Orient
was subsequently established by Garibaldi,
who adopted the system of the Scottish Rite .
A Supreme Council was also formed at Naples .
Internal dissensions, however, unfortunately
took place . The Grand Orient was removed
from Turin to Florence, when many resignations
took place, and a recusant body was
formed . But peace at length prevailed, and
at a Constituent Assembly held at Rome on
April 28, 1873, "the fundamental bases of
Italian Masonic Fraternity " were adopted ;
and "the Grand Orient of Italy" was now in
successful operation. There was also a Supreme
Council of the Scottish Rite .
Itratics, Order of. A society of adepts,
engaged in the search for the Universal Medicine
; is now extinct . Mentioned by Fustier .
(Inveni Verbum in Ore
Leon-i8 .) Initial letters of significant words
used in the Thirteenth Degree, A. A . Scottish
Rite. They have reference to the recovery of
the key of the Sacred Ark, which contains certain
treasures. The Ark and its key having
been lost in the forest during a battle which
occurred when the Jews were journeying
through the wilderness, the key was found in
the mouth of a lion, who dropped it upon the
ground on the approach of the Israelites .
Much symbolical teaching is deduced from the
historical myth .
Ivory Key. The symbolic jewel of the
Fourth Degree, A . A . Scottish Rite. On the
wards of the key is the Hebrew letter zain .
Izabud . A corruption of Zabud, which
see .
Izads . The twenty-eight creations of the
beneficent deity Ormudz, or Auramazda, in
the Persian religious system .
J. The tenth letter in the English alphabet
. It is frequently and interchangeably
used with I, and written in Hebrew as Yod ('),
with the numerical value of 10, and having
reference to the Supreme .
JaaborouHammaim .
aqua transibunt .) A word of covered significancy
in the Fifteenth Degree of the A . A .
Scottish Rite . It also has reference to the
L. D . P. (See Liber. )
Jabescheh . (Heb ., 1Vr, Earth .) Also
written Jebschah. (See L .N . .R . .L .)
Jabulum. A corrupted word used in two
of the degrees of the A . A. Scottish Rite, the
Thirteenth and Seventeenth . The true word
J
and its meaning, however, are disclosed to
the initiate .
Jachin . Hence called by Dudley and
some other writers, who reject the ponits,
ichin. It is the name of the right-hand pillar
facing eastward (i . e ., on the south), that stood
at the porch of King Solomon's Temple . It is
derived from two Hebrew words 1'
"God," and I'D', iachin, "will establish. eIt, '
signifies, therefore, "God will establish," and
is often called "the pillar of establishment."
Jachinal . A Gallic corruption of Shekinah,
to be found only in the French Cahiers of the
high degrees.
Jacobins. A political sect that sprang up