The DARKROOM COOKBOOK, Third Edition

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Pharmacopoeia 195 SODIUM SULFITE Synonyms: Sulfi te, Sulfi te of soda. Appearance: White crystals or powder. Uses: As a preservative of developing agents; constituent of the acid fi xing bath; blackener in negative intensifi cation; active energizer in amidol development. Notes: Sodium sulfi te is the most widely used preservative in developers. It also plays an important part in the process itself. By using a suffi cient quantity of sulfi te, you can prevent the formation of many undesirable by-products during development. Sulfi te is also an important solvent for silver halide. It can therefore have a noticeable effect on the graininess of the silver image at concentrations over 50.0 g/liter. SODIUM TETRABORATE (see Borax) SODIUM THIOCYANATE Synonyms: Potassium rhodanide, Sodium sulfocyanate, Rhodanide. Appearance: Colorless or white deliquescent crystals. Uses: Substitute for potassium thiocyanate weight for weight. Notes: When sodium thiocyanate is dissolved the temperature of the water is considerably lowered. Due to its deliquescent nature, thiocyanate should be used in percentage solutions. SODIUM THIOSULFATE (HYPO) Synonyms: Antichlor, Hypo, Hyposulfi te of soda, Sodium hyposulfi te, Sodium subsulfi te. Appearance: Large, white, transparent crystals and powder. Uses: In preparation of fi xing baths; ingredient in various reducers. Notes: Sodium thiosulfate is one of a few known substances that will dissolve silver bromide. As such it is universally used in modern photographic procedures. In this process, which is known as “fi xation,” the unexposed silver bromide is dissolved in the sodium thiosulfate by combining with it to form soluble complex thiosulfates of silver and sodium. Hypo is available in two forms: anhydrous and, more commonly, crystalline. Crystalline hypo, when dissolved, lowers the temperature of the water considerably, whereas anhydrous does not. Always begin with water of at least 90F/32C when mixing the crystalline form. Use 64% of the anhydrous salt as a substitute for crystalline hypo. STARCH Uses: For sizing papers and in preparing pastes and adhesives. Notes: Insoluble in cold water; soluble in hot water, forming a jelly on cooling. SULFAMIC ACID (see Acid, Sulfamic) SULFOCYANATE (see Potassium thiocyanate) SULFURATED POTASH (see Potassa sulfurated)
196 THE <strong>DARKROOM</strong> <strong>COOKBOOK</strong> SULFURIC ACID (see Acid, Sulfuric) TARTARIC ACID (see Acid, Tartaric) TEA (see Triethanolamine) TERTIARY BUTYL ALCOHOL (see Alcohol, Tertiary Butyl) THIOCARBAMIDE (see Thiourea) THIOUREA Synonyms: Sulfocarbamide, Sulfourea, Thiocarbamide. Appearance: White, prismatic crystals. Uses: In gold toning baths; clearing yellow stains from prints; in mordant solutions for dye toning. TRIETHANOLAMINE Synonyms: TEA. Appearance: Clear liquid (also available in solid form but not commonly used for photographic applications). Uses: Developer accelerator and preservative. TRISODIUM PHOSPHATE (see Sodium Phosphate (Tribasic))
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The Darkroom Cookbook
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The DARKROOM COOKBOOK Third Edition
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Dedication This book is dedicated t
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Table of Contents PREFACE ix ACKNOW
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Preface The Darkroom Cookbook is ba
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Preface xi Which brings us to the q
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Acknowledgments There are two husba
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Introduction Today everybody seems
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Introduction xvii coating your own
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Contributing Photographers Bruce Ba
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Contributing Photographers xxi Gord
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Contributing Photographers xxiii Jo
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List of Formulas Many of the formul
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Push-Processing Formulas 230 47. Di
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Amidol Paper Developer 261 105. Ami
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Selenium Toners 294 162. Dassonvill
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Planning a Darkroom Art does not de
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Planning a Darkroom 3 Core® availa
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Planning a Darkroom 5 available as
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Placement of Equipment and Workfl o
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Planning a Darkroom 9 Floors call f
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Planning a Darkroom 11 for modern e
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How Safe Is Your Safelight? Richard
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Equipment People are under the illu
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Equipment 17 customary models. It i
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Developers One developing agent is
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Developers 21 quantity of metol to
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Developers 23 pH Scale The pH scale
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Developers 25 Anhydrous, having no
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Potassium Iodide Developers 27 Alth
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Ascorbic Acid: Developing Agent or
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Developers 31 Alicia De Larocha, so
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Film Development It is the photogra
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Film Development 35 ● Conventiona
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Film Development 37 include Efke IR
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Film Development 39 cycle per minut
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Film Development 41 minimum. Howeve
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Film Development 43 fi rst 60 secon
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Film Development 45 Not long after
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Film Development 47 These disadvant
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REPLENISHMENT OF DEVELOPERS Film De
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Film Development 51 Flower Composit
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Film Development 53 Yvette at the C
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Monobath Film Developing 55 possibl
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Washing Monobath Film Developing 57
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Pyrogallol and Pyrocatechin 59 in A
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Pyrogallol and Pyrocatechin 61 Edwa
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Pyrogallol and Pyrocatechin 63 A la
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Crystal Springs #659, 2002. © 2008
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Broken Vase, 2002. © 2008 Gordon H
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Pyrogallol and Pyrocatechin 69 Test
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Print Developers They say my print
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Print Developers 73 when a limited
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Print Developers 75 Brett Weston &
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Printing Methods and Techniques Tak
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Printing Methods and Techniques 79
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Cold Tones (Blue-black) Printing Me
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Manipulating Exposure and Developme
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#2-5041, 1996. © 2008 Henry Gilpin
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Four French Tulips, Carmel, Califor
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Sequoias and Sunburst, 1976. © 200
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Rescuing Thin Shadows Saïd Nuseibe
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Stop Baths and Fixers Surely, it is
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Stops Baths and Fixers 105 concentr
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Stops Baths and Fixers 107 determin
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Toning Prints There is a road from
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TONER TEST STRIPS Toning Prints 111
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Toning Prints 113 gold toning for c
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Toning Prints 115 The sepia/sulfi d
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Multiple Toning Toning Prints 117 I
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Toning Prints 119 and selenium �
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K49 Jellyfi sh, 2008. © 2008 Ryuij
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Photographic Reduction and Intensif
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Pitman Arm, 2000. © 2008 Jay Dusar
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SAFELIGHT Development by inspection
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PYRO AND DEVELOPMENT BY INSPECTION
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leak light. What is important is th
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Procedure for Reversal Processing R
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Reversal Processing and Enlarged Ne
Page 178 and 179: Procedure for Making an Enlarged Ne
Page 180 and 181: Printing Out Processes You must alw
Page 182 and 183: Printing Out Processes 149 Caution:
Page 184 and 185: Printing Out Processes 151 over the
Page 186 and 187: Printing Out Processes 153 Sleeples
Page 188 and 189: Printing Out Processes 155 Add the
Page 190 and 191: Printing Out Processes 157 Camera O
Page 192 and 193: Safety in Handling Photographic Che
Page 194 and 195: Safety in Handling Photographic Che
Page 196 and 197: Chemicals Photography, in the fi na
Page 198 and 199: Chemicals 165 In this 3rd edition o
Page 200 and 201: Chemicals 167 ethylenediaminetetraa
Page 202 and 203: Pharmacopoeia The artist lives to e
Page 204 and 205: Pharmacopoeia 171 Glacial acetic ac
Page 206 and 207: Pharmacopoeia 173 Uses: Preservativ
Page 208 and 209: Pharmacopoeia 175 ALUM, POTASSIUM S
Page 210 and 211: Pharmacopoeia 177 AMMONIUM THIOSULF
Page 212 and 213: BROMIDE (see Potassium bromide) Pha
Page 214 and 215: Appearance: Greenish crystalline sc
Page 216 and 217: HYPO (see Sodium Thiosulfate) Pharm
Page 218 and 219: Pharmacopoeia 185 working. Tropical
Page 220 and 221: Pharmacopoeia 187 Uses: To precipit
Page 222 and 223: Pharmacopoeia 189 Uses: As a preser
Page 224 and 225: SODA (see Sodium carbonate) Pharmac
Page 226 and 227: Pharmacopoeia 193 Notes: Caustic al
Page 230 and 231: Proofi ng for Maximum Black The cam
Page 232 and 233: Archival Print Procedure Appendix 1
Page 234 and 235: Archival Print Procedure 201 7. At
Page 236 and 237: Formulas FILM DEVELOPERS Developmen
Page 238 and 239: SOLUTION B Water at 110F/43C, 750.0
Page 240 and 241: SOLUTION B Water at 110F/43C, 750.0
Page 242 and 243: SOLUTION B Formulas 209 Water at 90
Page 244 and 245: Dilution B Distilled water at 125F/
Page 246 and 247: 4 minutes: water without agitation.
Page 248 and 249: Metol, 3.0 g Sodium sulfi te, 45.0
Page 250 and 251: Borax, granular, 7.0 g Boric acid,
Page 252 and 253: Formulas 219 Use as you would XTOL.
Page 254 and 255: SOLUTION A Water at 125F/52C, 750.0
Page 256 and 257: SOLUTION A Water at 125F/52C, 750.0
Page 258 and 259: Stock Solution B Water at 125F/52C,
Page 260 and 261: Formulas 227 Sodium hydroxide, 17.6
Page 262 and 263: FORMULA #45 Keelan’s Monobath (H.
Page 264 and 265: The development times at 68F/20C ar
Page 266 and 267: Pyro, 28.0 g Sodium sulfi te, 100.0
Page 268 and 269: Formulas 235 NOTE 1: To help preser
Page 270 and 271: SOLUTION B Distilled water, 750.0 m
Page 272 and 273: Sodium sulfi te, 90.0 g Water to ma
Page 274 and 275: Metol, 12.0 g Sodium sulfi te, 90.0
Page 276 and 277: Developing time and procedures are
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FORMULA #69 Blue-Black Developer Fo
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Formulas 247 Benzotriazole, 0.2 g G
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FORMULA #78 Gevaert G.253 Soft-Port
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Hydroquinone, 10.0 g Water to make
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Sodium carbonate, monohydrate, 138.
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Sodium sulfi te, 23.0 g *Potassium
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Formulas 257 and then processed fol
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Normal exposure should be determine
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Pyro, 4.4 g Sodium carbonate, monoh
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FORMULA #108 Amidol Teaspoon Formul
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Amidol, 16.0 g 10% potassium bromid
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Formulas 267 Add a suffi cient amou
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FORMULA #123 Acid Hypo (J. Ghislain
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Formulas 271 When the above is thor
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Formulas 273 FILM: Film should be c
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TONERS Formulas 275 ● Different p
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Formulas 277 Add 16 drops of concen
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With stirring add: Thiourea, 1.0 g
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Formulas 281 This solution should b
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SOLUTION A *Potassium bichromate, 5
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Prepare the bleaching bath as follo
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Formulas 287 Using the Toner: Print
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*Glacial acetic acid, 5.0 ml Water
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Formulas 291 the solubility of the
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FORMULA #158 Kodak GP-2 (Thanks to
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Formulas 295 Dissolve the sodium su
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Formulas 297 As with Kodak Rapid Se
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Formulas 299 After treatment in the
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FORMULA #169 Flattening Reducer For
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Formulas 303 To use, take 2 parts o
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NEGATIVE INTENSIFIERS FORMULA #176
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STOCK SOLUTION #4 Metol, 6.5 g Sodi
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Formulas 309 Add 30.0 ml of Solutio
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Keep hands in Solution A for a few
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Distilled water, 180.0 ml Potassium
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FORMULA #194 Kodak SH-5 Formulas 31
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FORMULA #197 Kodak TC-3 Stain Remov
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Formulas 319 Development time is 8-
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Sodium metabisulfi te, 10.0 g Boric
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Conversion Tables DIRECT EQUIVALENT
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Direct equivalents (Continued) Conv
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0.7 � 10 0.8 � 11.7 0.9 � 13
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225 ml � 7.2 fl oz 250 ml � 8 f
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Sodium Carbonate Conversion Table C
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Conversion Tables 333 always possib
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TABLE 5 Film Development Temperatur
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Material Sources 337 RH Designs (St
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Azo Forum, www.michaelandpaula.com/
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Bibliography 341 James, T.H. The Th
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Index A ABC Pyro formula, 231-232,
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C Cabinets, darkroom planning, 9 Ca
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fi ne-grain, 44, 211-214 general-pu
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Filters and safelights, 10-11 in th
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In-cassette processing developing,
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Panchromatic paper, and safelights,
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and development by inspection, 137
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Strong ammonium thiosulfate reducer
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Weston amidol developers, formulas,
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