The DARKROOM COOKBOOK, Third Edition

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Film Development 47 These disadvantages have led to attempts at discovering developing agents, and combinations of other agents with ppd, that would give superfi ne grain results and shorter development times without the troublesome properties. Three such agents are glycin, o-phenylenediamine, and diethyl-p-phenylenediamine bisulfi te. Glycin, used in combination with ppd (Formulas: Superfi ne-Grain Developers: DuPont No. 3 Superfi ne-Grain Developer), makes a fi ne-grain developer with improved emulsion speed and faster rate of development. Unfortunately, because of the presence of ppd, it still suffers from the unpleasant side effects of high toxicity and staining. o-phenylenediamine (opd) is one of the more successful replacements for ppd. It has weak developing properties but is a good solvent for silver halide. In the Windisch Superfi ne- Grain Developer, metol acts as the primary developing agent for the silver halide. The opd works on the silver being developed, dissolving any extraneous unexposed halide and resulting in superfi ne grain. Geoffrey Crawley’s FX 10 makes use of a ppd derivative, Kodak CD-2®, commonly found in modern color developers. As a developing agent, CD-2 works faster with less tendency to stain than ppd but is not capable of producing as fi ne a grain. As far as the general composition of superfi ne grain developers, nearly all of them have a high sodium sulfi te content as sodium sulfi te is an effective silver solvent. For an alkali, they use small quantities of either carbonate or borax in order to minimize the energy of the developer and produce a fi ner grain. FX 10 uses a buffering mixture of borax and boric acid, whereas Windisch Superfi ne Grain Developer uses sodium metabisulfi te to reduce the pH of the sodium sulfi te. Tropical Developers With most developers an increase in temperature means increased rate of development, increased danger of fogging, and excessive swelling of the gelatin emulsion that could result in its melting away. The faster the fi lm, for example Tri-X, the more susceptible it is to increased fogging at high temperatures. There may be times when it is not possible to cool solutions to below 80F/27C. This includes photographers working in non-insulated darkrooms during the summer where a water-cooling system is not available and those working in the tropics. Should this situation occur there are special developers known as “tropical developers” and modifi cations that can be made to other developers for extreme heat conditions. Tropical developing formulas prevent excessive swelling of the gelatin, either by the addition of a substance that reduces swelling or by eliminating those that cause excessive swelling. Tropical developers often include sodium sulfate and extra antifoggant. When processing at high temperatures a mildly alkaline, buffered borax developer is recommended. Alkali-free developers of the amidol type or one of the mildly alkaline fi ne grain developers such as Kodak D-23 are preferable to those with normal alkali content. Additionally, a pre-hardening bath such as Kodak SB-4 Tropical Hardener Bath or a specially formulated tropical developer may be used. Modifying Developers For Tropical Development Most developers can be made suitable for use at high temperatures (up to 95F/35C) through the addition of 105.0 grams of sodium sulfate, anhydrous,
48 THE DARKROOM COOKBOOK to each liter of working solution. This addition prevents the gelatin in the emulsion from excessive swelling. With most developers it will also alter the development time. The required adjustment can be found in the following table: Normal Development Time (minutes) in nonsulphated Development time (minutes) in sulphated developer: developer at: 68F/20C 75F/24C 80F/27C 85F/29C 90F/32C 3¼ 4 3 2 1½ 4 5 3½ 2½ 1¾ 4¾ 6 4½ 3 2¼ 6½ 8 6 4 3 8 10 7 5 3½ 9½ 12 8½ 6 4½ 12 15 11 8 5½ 16 20 14 10 7 20 25 18 13 9 Using Sodium Sulfate With D-72 or D-76 By adding sodium sulfate, anhydrous, to Kodak D-72 paper developer or Kodak D-76 fi lm developer, as in the following table, the normal development time recommended for 68F/20C can be maintained through the range of temperatures shown. After adding the sulfate to the developer solution, stir until dissolved completely. Stop Bath for Tropical Development Films should be immersed for three minutes in either Kodak SB-4 Tropical Hardener Bath or Kodak SB-5 Nonswelling Acid Rinse Bath after development and before fi xation. Agitate the negative in the stop bath frequently. Between 68F/20C and 80F/26C use SB-5. Between 80F/26C and 95F/35C use SB-4. Sodium Sulfate Developer Temperature anhyd. per liter D-76 75F/24C to 80F/27C 50.0 grams 80F/27C to 85F/29C 75.0 grams 85F/29C to 90F/32C 100.0 grams D-72 (1:1) 75F/24C to 80F/26C 100.0 grams 80F/27C to 85F/29C 125.0 grams 85F/29C to 90F/32C 150.0 grams
Page 2 and 3:
The Darkroom Cookbook
Page 4 and 5:
The DARKROOM COOKBOOK Third Edition
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Dedication This book is dedicated t
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Table of Contents PREFACE ix ACKNOW
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Preface The Darkroom Cookbook is ba
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Preface xi Which brings us to the q
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Acknowledgments There are two husba
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Introduction Today everybody seems
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Introduction xvii coating your own
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Contributing Photographers Bruce Ba
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Contributing Photographers xxi Gord
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Contributing Photographers xxiii Jo
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List of Formulas Many of the formul
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Push-Processing Formulas 230 47. Di
Page 30 and 31: Amidol Paper Developer 261 105. Ami
Page 32 and 33: Selenium Toners 294 162. Dassonvill
Page 34 and 35: Planning a Darkroom Art does not de
Page 36 and 37: Planning a Darkroom 3 Core® availa
Page 38 and 39: Planning a Darkroom 5 available as
Page 40 and 41: Placement of Equipment and Workfl o
Page 42 and 43: Planning a Darkroom 9 Floors call f
Page 44 and 45: Planning a Darkroom 11 for modern e
Page 46 and 47: How Safe Is Your Safelight? Richard
Page 48 and 49: Equipment People are under the illu
Page 50 and 51: Equipment 17 customary models. It i
Page 52 and 53: Developers One developing agent is
Page 54 and 55: Developers 21 quantity of metol to
Page 56 and 57: Developers 23 pH Scale The pH scale
Page 58 and 59: Developers 25 Anhydrous, having no
Page 60 and 61: Potassium Iodide Developers 27 Alth
Page 62 and 63: Ascorbic Acid: Developing Agent or
Page 64 and 65: Developers 31 Alicia De Larocha, so
Page 66 and 67: Film Development It is the photogra
Page 68 and 69: Film Development 35 ● Conventiona
Page 70 and 71: Film Development 37 include Efke IR
Page 72 and 73: Film Development 39 cycle per minut
Page 74 and 75: Film Development 41 minimum. Howeve
Page 76 and 77: Film Development 43 fi rst 60 secon
Page 78 and 79: Film Development 45 Not long after
Page 82 and 83: REPLENISHMENT OF DEVELOPERS Film De
Page 84 and 85: Film Development 51 Flower Composit
Page 86 and 87: Film Development 53 Yvette at the C
Page 88 and 89: Monobath Film Developing 55 possibl
Page 90 and 91: Washing Monobath Film Developing 57
Page 92 and 93: Pyrogallol and Pyrocatechin 59 in A
Page 94 and 95: Pyrogallol and Pyrocatechin 61 Edwa
Page 96 and 97: Pyrogallol and Pyrocatechin 63 A la
Page 98 and 99: Crystal Springs #659, 2002. © 2008
Page 100 and 101: Broken Vase, 2002. © 2008 Gordon H
Page 102 and 103: Pyrogallol and Pyrocatechin 69 Test
Page 104 and 105: Print Developers They say my print
Page 106 and 107: Print Developers 73 when a limited
Page 108 and 109: Print Developers 75 Brett Weston &
Page 110 and 111: Printing Methods and Techniques Tak
Page 112 and 113: Printing Methods and Techniques 79
Page 114 and 115: Cold Tones (Blue-black) Printing Me
Page 116 and 117: Manipulating Exposure and Developme
Page 120 and 121: #2-5041, 1996. © 2008 Henry Gilpin
Page 122 and 123: Four French Tulips, Carmel, Califor
Page 126 and 127: Sequoias and Sunburst, 1976. © 200
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Rescuing Thin Shadows Saïd Nuseibe
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Printing Methods and Techniques 99
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Printing Methods and Techniques 101
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Stop Baths and Fixers Surely, it is
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Stops Baths and Fixers 105 concentr
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Stops Baths and Fixers 107 determin
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Toning Prints There is a road from
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TONER TEST STRIPS Toning Prints 111
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Toning Prints 113 gold toning for c
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Toning Prints 115 The sepia/sulfi d
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Multiple Toning Toning Prints 117 I
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Toning Prints 119 and selenium �
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K49 Jellyfi sh, 2008. © 2008 Ryuij
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Photographic Reduction and Intensif
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Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
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Pitman Arm, 2000. © 2008 Jay Dusar
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SAFELIGHT Development by inspection
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PYRO AND DEVELOPMENT BY INSPECTION
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leak light. What is important is th
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Procedure for Reversal Processing R
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Reversal Processing and Enlarged Ne
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Procedure for Making an Enlarged Ne
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Printing Out Processes You must alw
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Printing Out Processes 149 Caution:
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Printing Out Processes 151 over the
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Printing Out Processes 153 Sleeples
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Printing Out Processes 155 Add the
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Printing Out Processes 157 Camera O
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Safety in Handling Photographic Che
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Safety in Handling Photographic Che
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Chemicals Photography, in the fi na
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Chemicals 165 In this 3rd edition o
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Chemicals 167 ethylenediaminetetraa
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Pharmacopoeia The artist lives to e
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Pharmacopoeia 171 Glacial acetic ac
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Pharmacopoeia 173 Uses: Preservativ
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Pharmacopoeia 175 ALUM, POTASSIUM S
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Pharmacopoeia 177 AMMONIUM THIOSULF
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BROMIDE (see Potassium bromide) Pha
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Appearance: Greenish crystalline sc
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HYPO (see Sodium Thiosulfate) Pharm
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Pharmacopoeia 185 working. Tropical
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Pharmacopoeia 187 Uses: To precipit
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Pharmacopoeia 189 Uses: As a preser
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SODA (see Sodium carbonate) Pharmac
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Pharmacopoeia 193 Notes: Caustic al
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Pharmacopoeia 195 SODIUM SULFITE Sy
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Proofi ng for Maximum Black The cam
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Archival Print Procedure Appendix 1
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Archival Print Procedure 201 7. At
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Formulas FILM DEVELOPERS Developmen
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SOLUTION B Water at 110F/43C, 750.0
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SOLUTION B Water at 110F/43C, 750.0
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SOLUTION B Formulas 209 Water at 90
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Dilution B Distilled water at 125F/
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4 minutes: water without agitation.
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Metol, 3.0 g Sodium sulfi te, 45.0
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Borax, granular, 7.0 g Boric acid,
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Formulas 219 Use as you would XTOL.
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SOLUTION A Water at 125F/52C, 750.0
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SOLUTION A Water at 125F/52C, 750.0
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Stock Solution B Water at 125F/52C,
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Formulas 227 Sodium hydroxide, 17.6
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FORMULA #45 Keelan’s Monobath (H.
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The development times at 68F/20C ar
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Pyro, 28.0 g Sodium sulfi te, 100.0
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Formulas 235 NOTE 1: To help preser
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SOLUTION B Distilled water, 750.0 m
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Sodium sulfi te, 90.0 g Water to ma
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Metol, 12.0 g Sodium sulfi te, 90.0
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Developing time and procedures are
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FORMULA #69 Blue-Black Developer Fo
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Formulas 247 Benzotriazole, 0.2 g G
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FORMULA #78 Gevaert G.253 Soft-Port
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Hydroquinone, 10.0 g Water to make
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Sodium carbonate, monohydrate, 138.
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Sodium sulfi te, 23.0 g *Potassium
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Formulas 257 and then processed fol
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Normal exposure should be determine
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Pyro, 4.4 g Sodium carbonate, monoh
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FORMULA #108 Amidol Teaspoon Formul
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Amidol, 16.0 g 10% potassium bromid
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Formulas 267 Add a suffi cient amou
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FORMULA #123 Acid Hypo (J. Ghislain
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Formulas 271 When the above is thor
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Formulas 273 FILM: Film should be c
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TONERS Formulas 275 ● Different p
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Formulas 277 Add 16 drops of concen
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With stirring add: Thiourea, 1.0 g
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Formulas 281 This solution should b
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SOLUTION A *Potassium bichromate, 5
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Prepare the bleaching bath as follo
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Formulas 287 Using the Toner: Print
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*Glacial acetic acid, 5.0 ml Water
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Formulas 291 the solubility of the
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FORMULA #158 Kodak GP-2 (Thanks to
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Formulas 295 Dissolve the sodium su
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Formulas 297 As with Kodak Rapid Se
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Formulas 299 After treatment in the
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FORMULA #169 Flattening Reducer For
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Formulas 303 To use, take 2 parts o
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NEGATIVE INTENSIFIERS FORMULA #176
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STOCK SOLUTION #4 Metol, 6.5 g Sodi
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Formulas 309 Add 30.0 ml of Solutio
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Keep hands in Solution A for a few
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Distilled water, 180.0 ml Potassium
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FORMULA #194 Kodak SH-5 Formulas 31
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FORMULA #197 Kodak TC-3 Stain Remov
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Formulas 319 Development time is 8-
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Sodium metabisulfi te, 10.0 g Boric
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Conversion Tables DIRECT EQUIVALENT
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Direct equivalents (Continued) Conv
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0.7 � 10 0.8 � 11.7 0.9 � 13
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225 ml � 7.2 fl oz 250 ml � 8 f
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Sodium Carbonate Conversion Table C
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Conversion Tables 333 always possib
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TABLE 5 Film Development Temperatur
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Material Sources 337 RH Designs (St
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Azo Forum, www.michaelandpaula.com/
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Bibliography 341 James, T.H. The Th
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Index A ABC Pyro formula, 231-232,
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C Cabinets, darkroom planning, 9 Ca
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fi ne-grain, 44, 211-214 general-pu
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Filters and safelights, 10-11 in th
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In-cassette processing developing,
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Panchromatic paper, and safelights,
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and development by inspection, 137
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Strong ammonium thiosulfate reducer
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Weston amidol developers, formulas,
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