Consciousness-Based Education - Maharishi University of ...

TRANSCEnDENTAL MEDITATION PROGRAM and CORRECTIONSStudy Design Sample Measure ResultUnbiasedEstimate ofEffect Size*I. Existing TM = 259 Recidivism Outcome:(m)groupsSix monthsz = -3.08, p < .005CTL = 37,389-.19comparison,One Yearz = -3.07, p < .005(all state-.19California retrospectiveTwo Yearsz = -3.66, p < .005parolees)-.25Prison System(Bleik &Abrams, inpress)II. Matchedgroupscomparison,retrospectiveTM = 241CTL = 241Recidivism Outcome:One YearTwo YearsThree YearsFour YearsFive Yearst(480) = -3.42, p < .0007t(415) = -3.03, p < .003t(321) = -2.70, p < .007t(238) - -1.94, p < .054t(150) = -2.44, p < .016(a)-.312-.297-.301-.251-.396Paranoid Anxiety F(2,80) = 3.91, p < .05 -.434 (k)I. Pre-postHostility n.s. -.126experimental TM = 21Locus of Control F(2,80) = 4.04, p < .025 .549Vermontdesign, twoweekperiodSleep Disturbance F(2,80) = 9.02, p < .001 -.859CTL = 21Departmentof CorrectionsCigarette/Caffeine Use n.s. -.315(Gore, Abrams,Hosility F(1,247) = 28.97, p < .0001 -.774 (n)& Ellis, inpress)Paranoid Anxiety F(1,248) = 41.04, p < .0001 -.966II. Cross-SectionalN = 208(some withmultipletesting)Locus of Control F(1,248) = 27.58, p < .0001 -.400Anger F(1,54) = 11.73, p < .002 -1.150Sleep Disturbance F(1,234) = 49.27, p < .0001 -.907* Effect sizes are adjusted for sample size of control group, as described by Hedges in Glass et al. (1981, pp.111-114)** No control in study and therefore effect size compared with control group cannot be calculated*** Contrast on the four groups listed; additional degrees of freedom in the denominator come from two othergroups notinvolved in the specific contrast(a) E.S. calculated as in Glass, McGaw, & Smith (1981, p. 126) for t test.(b) E.S. calculated as in Glass et al. (1981, p. 127) for ANCOVA(c) E.S. calculated as in Glass et al. (1981, pp. 130-131)(d) ANCOVA on pre-test score of three groups, covarying for pretest score.(e) E.S. = (X - (E)-X - (C))/S.D.(C), where individual scores are difference scores(f ) Statistical tests on the follow measures calculated from data provided in study (all subjects pre-post).(g) E.S. calculated as in (e), where individual scores are raw scores.(h) E.S. calculated from Glass et al. (1981, p. 149); point-biserial correlation converted into t-test value, theninto effect size asin (a) above(i) E.S. calculated from F value; F converted into t-test value, then into effect size as in (a) above.(j) E.S. = Φ(1) - Φ(2) as in Cohen (1969, pp. 174-178).(k) E.S. = ((X - (E2) - X - (EI)) - (X - (C2) - (X - (c1)))/S.D.(C2)(l) E.S. = z ∙ √(1/N) calculated from each group; reported E.S. is difference of these values for two groups.(m) Effect size reported by authors in paper.(n) Effect size calculated as in (g) above where pre-TM group is control group and 3-6 months TM group(largest group) isexperimental group.Transcendental Meditation program is a technology for full developmentof the individual not primarily a rehabilitative program. Its successin rehabilitation is a by-product of its success in unfolding individualpotential. The joint benefits for staff and inmates also suggest that byincluding both groups in an institutional program utilizing the TranscendentalMeditation technique, not only will staff provide greater285