Consciousness-Based Education - Maharishi University of ...

consciousness-based education and GovernmentFigure 3: Time series plot of the monthly average daily size of the TM-Sidhigroup in the U.S., including global World Peace AssembliesIn this equation, y tis the variable to be tested for nonstationarity, ∆y tis the first difference of y t, is the regression intercept, γ is a slope coefficientfor y t-1, δ is a slope coefficient for the time trend variable t, andu tis a stochastic disturbance (which need not be serially uncorrelatedoridentically distributed). 10 Under the null hypothesis of a unit root iny t, the estimate for γ should be zero. 11Since the regression parameters have nonstandard distributionsunder the null hypothesis of a unit root in y t, significance tests for theestimated value of γ were based on critical values calculated for samplesize n = 93 using the MacKinnon (1991) response surface method. Asshown in Table 1, the null hypothesis of a unit root was rejected at the.01 level for both USSR tand US t.Table 1 shows PP test statistics derived from three alternative specificationsof the PP regression equation. Column two shows the teststatistic for the two PP regressions that included both trend and intercept.For both USSR tand US t, the trend terms in these regressions werefound to be non-significant based on the tabled critical values in Dickeyand Fuller (1981). 12 Column three shows the test statistic for the twoPP regressions with trend terms omitted. In both of these regressionsthe intercept was not significant. Finally, column four gives the teststatistic for the PP regressions without trend and intercept. Becausethe power of the test is reduced by the inclusion of superfluous parameters,the PP test has maximum power in the case of the regressionswithout the non-significant trend and intercept terms. 13 The PP test468