Consciousness-Based Education - Maharishi University of ...

consciousness-based education and Government1700 participants or more. This earlier study also found a significantpositive impact of the group at lags zero, two, and four.For the variable US t, a significant parameter estimate at lag onewas found (0.214, t = 3.02, p = .0026) which was positive in sign. Thisestimate indicates a significant leading effect of US actions on Sovietbehavior. The magnitude, sign, and time lag of this estimate are consistentwith the results reported in Gelderloos et al. (1990a, 1990b).The positive sign of the estimate implies reciprocity on the part of theUSSR in responding to US actions. The magnitude of the reciprocity,however, is modest. 19Diagnostic checks for the model were satisfactory. The residual seriesappeared to be uncorrelated white noise, and no significant residualautocorrelations were found at lags 1 to 24. The null hypothesis thatall residual autocorrelations were zero could not be rejected using theLjung-Box Q (LBQ ) test (Ljung and Box, 1978) for lags 1 to 12 (x 2 (8)= 4.7, p = .789) or lags 1-24 (x 2 (20) = 10.5, p = .958).Examination of the plot of the standardized residuals from the TFmodel (residual divided by standard deviation of residuals) did notreveal any extreme outlying values that would be likely to severely distortparameter estimates, a conclusion confirmed by sensitivity analysis.20 The largest residual was 3.01 standard deviations above the mean,a residual corresponding to the November 1985 Gorbachev-Reagansummit. The largest negative residual was 2.79 standard deviationsbelow the mean. This spread of the residuals was consistent with that ofa sample drawn from a normal distribution as shown by the studentizedrange (SR) test (p > .10)(David et al., 1954). 21The histogram showed the distribution of residuals to be unimodal,negatively skewed, but not grossly non-normal in appearance. 22 Whilenormality was not rejected using the SR test, which is based on thespread of the residuals, normality was rejected using the Jarque-Beratest (Jarque and Bera, 1987), an asymptotic test based on the coefficientsof skewness and kurtosis (x 2 (2) = 9.300, p = .01). Thus thereis evidence, albeit mixed, that the sample residuals may be drawnfrom a non-normal distribution. In this case, statistical inferences formodel parameter estimates can be based on the asymptotic normalityof the maximum likelihood estimates even in the presence of non-472