that the history of the Armenians can be discerned byreproduc<strong>in</strong>g diplomatic correspondence and officialedicts. The dist<strong>in</strong>guish<strong>in</strong>g feature of the book is itsreliance on Armenian sources. The first section of thebook conta<strong>in</strong>s chapters on geography, ethnography,mythology, language, church, and population. All thesesubjects are constructed on the basis of works byFrench historians of Armenia, works which are now,<strong>in</strong> most <strong>in</strong>stances, a hundred years outdated. Thepr<strong>in</strong>cipal concern of the Uras book is the legitimacyof Armenian rights to a homeland, a matter which hesaw as "a very serious problem <strong>in</strong> the history ofAnatolia. " (p. 219)The largest section of the book is devoted to thequestion of the Ottoman reforms <strong>in</strong> the n<strong>in</strong>eteenthcentury and the Armenian Question, topics covered byproduc<strong>in</strong>g memorandum after memorandum supportedby quotations from participants and observers. Thechapter headed "Revolts and Relocation" covers thegenocide. For all that is said <strong>in</strong> this chapter, Urasactually devotes just a s<strong>in</strong>gle paragraph to the genocide,attribut<strong>in</strong>g Armenian deaths to "hunger, epidemics,anarchy, robbery, lack of transportation, desertions,enemy occupation. ..[and] the helplessness of the"government. (p. 879). The Uras thesis on justifiablegenocide speaks for itself: "It should not be forgottenthat when the survival of a nation and of a state isthreatened, the pr<strong>in</strong>ciple of 'ends justify means' comes<strong>in</strong>to effect. " (p. 864)Despite its size, the Uras work is only the backdropto the update written by Cengiz Kiirsad whichcovers the period from 1923 to 1985, and which isplaced at the front of the publication. The sectionlargely addresses the issue of Armenian terrorism whichoccurred between the years 1975 to 1985. Armenianefforts s<strong>in</strong>ce 1923 to ga<strong>in</strong> recognition for the genocideare dismissed as propaganda. Everyth<strong>in</strong>g rang<strong>in</strong>g fromthe effort to "keep alive the identity and culture of theArmenians" <strong>in</strong> diaspora to the found<strong>in</strong>g of universitychairs <strong>in</strong> Armenian studies also is labeled propaganda.(pp. 26, 79)The Revisionists~ 5. 13 ~Institute for Ataturk's Pr<strong>in</strong>ciples and the History ofTurkish Renovation. Armenians<strong>in</strong> the Ottoman Empireand Modern Turkey (1912-1926). Istanbul: BogaziciUniversity, 1984.The book conta<strong>in</strong>s four articles "submitted to the17th Annual Meet<strong>in</strong>g of the Middle East StudiesAssociation <strong>in</strong> Chicago, 3-6 November, 1983. " Theanonymous "Introduction" claims that the contents ofthe publication are part of the effort at a "re-evaluationof the Armenian issue. Even if it meant the re-writ<strong>in</strong>ghistory. . . " (p. 15) It s<strong>in</strong>gles[of] the entire Armenianout educators of Armenian background by suggest<strong>in</strong>gthat their work is part of an effort by Armenians to venttheir "discontent <strong>in</strong> various forms of expression,scholarship and terrorism not excluded. " (p. 10) Just<strong>in</strong>McCarthy's "The Anatolian Armenians, 1912-1922"summarizes his book on the demography of Anatolia.Bilal N. $imsir, "The Deportees of Malta and theArmenian Question, " is a condensed version of thebooklet by the same title. Heath W. Lowry's "AmericanObservers <strong>in</strong> Anatolia ca. 1920: the Bristol Papers," casts Admiral Mark Bristol, the U. S. HighCommissioner <strong>in</strong> post-war Turkey, as an objectiveobserver of the Anatolian scene because of his equalcontempt for both Armenians and Turks. By a selectiveread<strong>in</strong>g of <strong>in</strong>formation preserved <strong>in</strong> Bristol's papers,Lowry attempts to disprove the report of a massacreupon th'e capture of the city of Kars from the Armeni-ans by the Turkish Nationalist forces on 30 October1920.Mim Kemal Oke's "The Responses of TurkishArmenians to the 'Armenian Question', 1919-1926"describes the effort by Armenians <strong>in</strong> Turkey <strong>in</strong> 1920to organize the Turkish-Armenian Friendship Association.Reportedly the association sought to establishArmenian amity with Turks by "accept<strong>in</strong>g the guilt oftheir revolutionary brethren. " (p. 71) Thereafter Okequotes from a "brochure" purportedly produced by thisorganization which lists all the faults of the Armeniansand justifies all the actions taken by the Turks: 1) "Theauthor considered that this extraord<strong>in</strong>ary measure [ofdeportation] was taken <strong>in</strong> 'self-defence'. He furtheradded that the histories of all nations are filled withlegitimate reasons to justify such decisions" (p. 74); 2)"the real responsibility lay with the imperialist powersof the late n<strong>in</strong>eteenth century" (p. 74); 3) Armenians"were bra<strong>in</strong>washed to believe <strong>in</strong> Turkish oppression"(p. 75); 4) "Armenian massacres could only be expla<strong>in</strong>ed<strong>in</strong> terms of the 'oppression of Armenians byArmenians'" (p. 75); 5) "Overambitious as they were,the Armenians launched a military-genocidal campaignpenetrat<strong>in</strong>g deep <strong>in</strong>to Turkish territory" (pp. 77-78);and so on.* 5. 14 ~Lowry, Heath W. "The U. S. Congress and Adolf Hitler"on the Armenians. Political Communication andPersuasion: An International Journal 3:2 (1985): 111-140.This article by the Director of the Wash<strong>in</strong>gton,DC-based Institute of Turkish Studies attempts todisprove that Hitler made the oft-repeated statement,"Who, after all, speaks today of the annihilation of the"Armenians. Bas<strong>in</strong>g his position on the argument thatthe document conta<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the statement was not <strong>in</strong>tro-The Armenian <strong>Genocide</strong>: Revisionism and Denial 99
duced as evidence at the Nuremberg trials because ithad been leaked to the press earlier, Lowry casts doubton the authenticity of the statement. He emphasizes thefact that the statement was made, <strong>in</strong> the context ofHitler's preparations for the conquest of Poland anddid not allude to plans for the exterm<strong>in</strong>ation of theJews. Lowry claims that the quotation is "spurious"because <strong>in</strong> other records of the speech, and there areat least three variants, no reference is made to Armenians.This attempt to revisit the Hitler quotation wasaimed at question<strong>in</strong>g the l<strong>in</strong>kage between the Armeniangenocide and the Holocaust.¹ 5. 15 ¹Gunter, Michael M. "Turkey"and the Armenians. InMultidimensional Terrorism. Ed. by Mart<strong>in</strong> Slann andBernard Schechterman. Boulder, CO, and London:Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1987. LC 87-4898. ISBN1-55587-030-9. See pp. 57-71.The article responds to a series of charges madeby the English-language Armenian, popular media <strong>in</strong>the United States regard<strong>in</strong>g "counterterror" by Turkeyand the "harassment" of the Armenian community <strong>in</strong>Turkey. It also recites the "Turkish response" andconcludes with the author's "synthesis:" 1) "Turkishsensitivities about m<strong>in</strong>orities and a desire to have aTurkey for the Turks is understandable ... " (p. 67); 2)and reli-"Unofficial pressures to conform culturallygiously undoubtedly exist <strong>in</strong> Turkey today, but howis this different than <strong>in</strong> any other country?" (p. 67); 3)"there is no evidence that the Turkish government isdestroy<strong>in</strong>g historical Armenian churches and monumentsas an official policy. .. " (p. 68). He dismisses thelastmatter as specious allegations <strong>in</strong> the Armenian "diet"of dis<strong>in</strong>formation.* 5. 16 ¹Sonyel, Salahi R. The Turco-Armenian 'Adana Incidents'<strong>in</strong> the Light of Secret British Documents (July1908-December 1909). Ankara: Turkish HistoricalSociety, 1988. Orig<strong>in</strong>ally issued <strong>in</strong>'Belleten 51, no.201 (1987): 1, 291-1, 338.One of the more carefully crafted works ofrevisionism on the massacre of Armenians <strong>in</strong> the regionof Adana <strong>in</strong> 1909, the work strives to depict the seriesof kill<strong>in</strong>gs which visited all the towns of the area asthe result of armed conflict between Armenians andTurks. Based <strong>in</strong> part on British sources, secret onlyto the extent that they constitute Foreign Office documents,Sonyel places the massacre <strong>in</strong> the context of the1909 palace counterrevolution and the consequentserious disruptions of civil society <strong>in</strong> Turkey. However,Sonyel f<strong>in</strong>ds that the Armenian reaction to the YoungTurk Revolution of 1908 and the counterrevolution wasso provocative that the Turks became frightened by theprospect of the Armenians overthrow<strong>in</strong>g the government<strong>in</strong> Adana, and therefore retaliated.¹ 5. 17 ¹Corsun, Andrew. "Armenian Terrorism: A Profile. "Department of State Bullet<strong>in</strong> 82, no. 206 (August1982): 31-35.Although this article focused on the threat ofArmenian terrorism, it became the source of thelanguage used to characterize the Armenian genocide<strong>in</strong> the American media. For <strong>in</strong>stance, the "massdeportation" of the Armenians is presented as fact; thedeath toll, however, is qualified as "alleged. " S<strong>in</strong>cethat time this qualification has stuck and the use of thephrase "alleged genocide" ga<strong>in</strong>ed currency. Morecritical <strong>in</strong> enunciat<strong>in</strong>g the position of the Reaganadm<strong>in</strong>istration was the f<strong>in</strong>al "Note" appended to thearticle, which even further qualified the allegednessof the Armenian genocide. "Because the historicalrecord of the 1915 events <strong>in</strong> Asia M<strong>in</strong>or is ambiguous,the Department of State does not endorse allegationsthat the Turkish Government committed a genocideaga<strong>in</strong>st the Armenian people. Armenian terrorists usetheir allegation to justify <strong>in</strong> part their cont<strong>in</strong>u<strong>in</strong>g attackson Turkish diplomats and <strong>in</strong>stallations. .. " In theSeptember 1982 issue of theBullet<strong>in</strong>, further ambiguitywas <strong>in</strong>serted <strong>in</strong> an "Editor's Note" which stated thatthe Corsun article "does not necessarily reflect anofficial position of the Departmentof State, and the<strong>in</strong>terpretative comments <strong>in</strong> the article are solely thoseof the author. " However, the subhead<strong>in</strong>g of the Bullet<strong>in</strong>reads "The Official Monthly Records of United StatesForeign Policy. " S<strong>in</strong>ce that time the U. S. governmenthas avoided the use of the term "genocide. "¹ 5. 18 *Ankara University. Symposium on InternationalTerrorism: Armenian Terrorism, Its Supporters, theNarcotic Connection, the Distortion of History. Ankara:Ankara University Press, 1984.This is a collection of some twenty presentationswhich purportedly describes the problem of Armenianterrorism and demonstrates that it is supported by drugtraffick<strong>in</strong>g and the misrepresentation ofhistorical truth.Some of the papers on terrorism by Western analystsconta<strong>in</strong> useful <strong>in</strong>formation for understand<strong>in</strong>g theproblem. These contrast sharply with the rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>gpapers whose ma<strong>in</strong> thrust is historical revisionism underthe guise of study<strong>in</strong>g a contemporary problem. These<strong>in</strong>clude: Heath W. Lowry, "N<strong>in</strong>eteenth and TwentiethCentury Armenian Terrorism: 'Threads of Cont<strong>in</strong>uity'";Just<strong>in</strong> McCarthy, "Armenian Terrorism: History asPoison and Antidote"; Michael M. Gunter, "ContemporaryAspects of Armenian Terrorism"; Turkkaya Ataov,"Procurement of Arms for Armenian Terrorism:100 GENOCIDE
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GenocldeIn OurTlme- ,*"f* *An Annot
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DEDICATIONTo Raphael Lemkin(1901-19
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Chapter 5:The Armenian Genocide: Re
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Appendix 167Appendix: Chronology of
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ending sources of joy and hope. In
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Massive human suffering caused by p
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world without any reification and u
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CIIAPTER IETHNOCIDEby Alison Palmer
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als are tempted away by the promise
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Interactionsof Ethnocide and Genoci
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Chapter 1: AnnotatedBibliographyRea
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the inevitable extinction of tribal
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upon the purge of cultural and scie
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traditional ethnic and socio-cultur
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whites. Lizot proposes that integra
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¹ 1. 53 ¹Olson, James S. , and Ra
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tion of indigenes into state politi
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as a potential irredentist national
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serious questions about the notion
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ate and beleaguered institutions th
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In one of the most important works
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focusing on children, the most vuln
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~ 2. 35 ~Sereny, Gita. Into That Da
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were less than 200 Jewish survivors
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~ 2. 68 ~Nomberg-Przytyk, Sara. Aus
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of the war. The movement was known
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~ 2. 103 ~Wyman, David S. The Aband
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* 2. 122 ~Wiesenthal, Simon. The Su
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and Christianity. He argues that it
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"good reasons" for not offering the
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take consistent ethical actions aga
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sadisChart: Taking a Stand Against
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This indicator refers to an advance
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14. Louis Rene Beres, "Genocide, St
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to horrible new acts of violence ag
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* 8. 27 ~Horowitz, Irving Louis. Ge
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~ 8. 41 ~Lifton, Robert J. , and Er
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~ 8. 56 ~Thompson, John L. P. "Geno
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CountryDatesPer petratorsVictimsEst
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Dwork, DeborahDyer, Gwynne. . . . .
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Morgenthau, Henry . . . . . '. . .
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TITLE INDEXThe Abandonment of the J
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"Epilogue: The Nuclear Arms Raceand
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The Industrialization of Soviet Rus
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Psychiatric Aspects of the Preventi
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When Memory ComesWhile Six Million