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find a wise one who will solve it. Maybe tomorrow,maybe in ten thousand years. Or maybe the wise oneis already among us.Nobody is right, and nobody is mistaken. Whatis true is the truth: Justice.April 1950, Philadelphia.Five years is like half a century when you liveyour life with bitterness and reminiscing. Even whenyou are at a party, and you are in a good mood, lateryou realize your guilt. Is this anger? Is this conscience?Is this self-consciousness or self-criticism?But why? This is a mystery deep within the soul.But what do you want, my soul, if I can call you that?Five years. it's not long to write it down, and it's veryeasy to pronounce it. But, when I remember, I amcarried back even more clearly than any time before.It's five years today that I was liberated from theGermans' chain. In my egotistic human way, I washappy then that I existed. That I remained alive. I washappy for every given day. For every bite that Ireceived. But then I didn't live yet. I just thought Ilived. My head was full of haze. I didn't plan becauseI thought everything came naturally, by itself. To likeand be liked I took for granted. And I didn't know thatI would always and always be carried back.And yet I'd just stepped into life's school. I wasonly a child then, but the dolls I used to play with wereso far from me. I had to mature very quickly. But itwas too fast, and it didn't bring any fruit. Because atthis stage of my life I still can't give myself any clearideas.I don't know what I am. I don't know when I'mdoing right or wrong. Am I right when I am thinking?And for what I am thinking? Many times, I think I wasjust born for trouble. To be a burden and! sorrow toeverybody, because I cannot laugh. They say, "If youlaugh, everybodyare alone. " laughs with you. And if you cry, youYes, my. diary, I am here in America, Amer ika!After many fights, I consented to come here rather thanto Palestine. I consented to come here bec ause of myfamil y . Ididn'ttakean y thin g tooseriousl y . !And that' swhy I'm fighting now with everybody. Ev!ery day isa fight. Because I'm trying to make myself understood.My rights, my principles, and somebody else's — withmy own double standards! But nobody' s Iright andnobody's wrong. Only the truth is right. But that is sorare. Now I'm pushing the years back. For me, that' slike putting the clock back a few minutes. Timeelapses, but the impossible does not fade from my eyes.Five years ago I finished my diary with a sentencethat was full of hope. that I will see my father again.Yes, God helped me. My dream became a reality. Wemet in my home town and with unbelievable happinesswe were reunited. But my father left our home whenI was a child, when he was taken away to the forcedlabor camp. And now he's realizing his daughter hasher own thoughts about life's problems.I knew we should get out of my home townbecause it would be Russian. And I also knew that inmy home town, where I lived my sweetest, happiestlife, it would never return. I wanted to escape fromthe memories because I didn't want to live through firstthe good, then the miserable destroying of life. Eitherway, for us to pack and leave meant little. We' dalready tasted wandering, and it seems like this is thepattern of our lives — pack and go, pack and go.1965: In Hospital.After being established in the States as a citizen,wife, and finally a mother of three young children, Iwas told that I was sick and would have to part frommy family for an indefinite time of hospitalization. Thisagony evoked all the dormant horrors of being a campinmate. As I entered the hospital corridor, it lookedlike a typical jail. I was becoming a prisoner all overagain. Entering the room and meeting my roommateonly added to my sense of a nightmare returned. Thelady was German.As a fourteen-year-old carefree child whoseinterests were school, family, and friends, I watchedour little city of Munkacz become a strange place. Itfilled with Hungarian and German occupying soldiers.Our neighbors whom we'd known all our lives suddenlybecame alien to us. We had to wear the yellow star.Still we walked our streets not realizing the seriousnessof the situation.One sunny, spring day, two German soldiers tookup residence in our home. After two weeks, the ordercame to pack up five kilos of belongings and leave ourhouse. We marched with our fellow Jews to a brickfactory on the outskirts of the city. We made our newhome under the skies. My mother and my young,newly-wed aunt, my beautiful six-year-old brother, andI. We had no father at our side to protect us becausehe had been taken to a forced labor camp well before.My aunt became the head of our household. She founda sleigh and out of it improvised a bedroom. We feltlucky to have such privileges.The young people formed a working unit, throwingbricks to each other and making a kind of fencefor privacy. And so we lived. Four weeks after this,we were wakened by a harsh command: "Pack! Weare taking you to a place where you will work. "It was dark and gloomy when we were loaded ona caravan of closed cattlewagons, filled to capacitywithout even standing room. My mother made up a82 GENOCIDE
corner in her lap, and we all huddled together veryquietly.I remember my mother's thoughts were with myfather's safety. And to me she kept saying, "I hope Godwill watch over you not to starve. I know you havea headache, my child. " She must have had a premonitionthat I would be the only one to be spared from thegas chambers.Yes, the train came to a halt after four or five daysof travel. Suddenly, the gate of the wagon was openedup, and the carload was ordered to form lines. "Push!Push! Fast! Fast!" — mothers holding onto their babiesand older ones. My first thought of the striped clothesand shaven heads: "This is the crazy unit. "Soon I found myself in front of an extremely tallGerman officer who ordered me to the left. I ran backto my mother. I wanted to be with my family [whowere sent to the rightj. How lucky they are to betogether. And I shouldn't be with them?But Mengele, the Angel of Death, would not grantme the other side. After three attempts to run back tothe moving line, I was thrown to the sandy gravel,pleading to my mother. With a concerned ache in hereyes, she saw her child being thrown and pushed.With a wave ofher gentle hand, she accomplishedwhat could not be done by bayonet force. "Go, mychild, go. We will see each other tomorrow. "And I' ve been going ever since then.NoTEs1. Martin Gilbert, The Macmillan Atlas of theHolocaust (New York: Macmillan, 1982), 227.2. See Herman Dicker, Piety and Perseverance: JewsPom the Carpathian Mountains (New York: Sepher-Herman Press, Inc. , 1981) and The Marmaros Book(Tel Aviv: Beit Marmaros, 1983).3. Hank Greenspan, "Lives as Texts: Symptoms asModes of Recounting in the Life Histories of HolocaustSurvivors, " to appear in Storied Lives, ed. by R.Ochberg and G. Rosenfeld (New Haven: Yale UniversityPress).The victims who survived 83
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GenocldeIn OurTlme- ,*"f* *An Annot
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DEDICATIONTo Raphael Lemkin(1901-19
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Chapter 5:The Armenian Genocide: Re
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Appendix 167Appendix: Chronology of
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ending sources of joy and hope. In
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Massive human suffering caused by p
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world without any reification and u
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CIIAPTER IETHNOCIDEby Alison Palmer
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als are tempted away by the promise
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Interactionsof Ethnocide and Genoci
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Chapter 1: AnnotatedBibliographyRea
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the inevitable extinction of tribal
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upon the purge of cultural and scie
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traditional ethnic and socio-cultur
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whites. Lizot proposes that integra
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¹ 1. 53 ¹Olson, James S. , and Ra
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tion of indigenes into state politi
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as a potential irredentist national
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serious questions about the notion
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ate and beleaguered institutions th
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In one of the most important works
Page 44 and 45: focusing on children, the most vuln
Page 46 and 47: ~ 2. 35 ~Sereny, Gita. Into That Da
Page 48 and 49: were less than 200 Jewish survivors
Page 50 and 51: ~ 2. 68 ~Nomberg-Przytyk, Sara. Aus
Page 52 and 53: of the war. The movement was known
Page 54 and 55: ~ 2. 103 ~Wyman, David S. The Aband
Page 56 and 57: * 2. 122 ~Wiesenthal, Simon. The Su
Page 58 and 59: and Christianity. He argues that it
Page 60 and 61: Chapter 3THE ISSUE OF THE HOLOCAUST
Page 62 and 63: if we are to escape the mystificati
Page 64 and 65: outside the normal dimensions of ou
Page 66 and 67: historical event. All transformatio
Page 68 and 69: 32. For an excellent understanding
Page 70 and 71: 3 7Berenbaum, Michael. "The Uniquen
Page 72 and 73: Holocaust, a meaning with which we
Page 74 and 75: the Nazi exterminating drive, a pos
Page 76 and 77: framework, Marrus accepts the Holoc
Page 78 and 79: as "the cement of Jewish identity,
Page 80 and 81: 'cry and you cry alone. ' So we kep
Page 82 and 83: of the body, combined with so many
Page 84 and 85: 10. Lawrence Langer, Versions of Su
Page 86 and 87: ~ 4. 10 ~Sichrovsky, Peter. Born Gu
Page 88 and 89: Appendix: The Diaryby Agi Rubinwith
Page 90 and 91: ella story. We could have eaten all
Page 92 and 93: which hardly anybody remains? Who k
Page 96 and 97: Chapter 5THE ARMENIANGENOCIDE:REVIS
Page 98 and 99: The genocide was the culmination of
Page 100 and 101: Abdications and Retributions Turkey
Page 102 and 103: scene. They primarily targeted the
Page 104 and 105: Turkish and non-Turkish apologists
Page 106 and 107: and London: University Press of New
Page 108 and 109: supporters of Armenian independence
Page 110 and 111: that the history of the Armenians c
Page 112 and 113: Realities Based on Ottoman Document
Page 114 and 115: designed to falsely accuse Ottoman
Page 116 and 117: and Western gullibility and predile
Page 118 and 119: ambition to retain as much of Russi
Page 120 and 121: Terror-FamineMemoir literature and
Page 122 and 123: independence and viability of the U
Page 124 and 125: So many members of the All-Ukraine
Page 126 and 127: ~ 6. 26 ~Heller, Mikhail, and Aleks
Page 128 and 129: ousness of the present one. In his
Page 130 and 131: of structured social inequality, cr
Page 132 and 133: or religious group, as such. "" The
Page 134 and 135: and the general degradation of publ
Page 136 and 137: easier by the fact that those who'd
Page 138 and 139: 26. William Safire, "Object: Surviv
Page 140 and 141: 74. Quoted in Paul Walker and Eric
Page 142 and 143: es: People in the Machines of Death
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¹ 7. 16 ¹Dadrian, Vahakn N. "A Th
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Corporate Enterprise at Auschwitz"
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* 7. 47 +Nolan, Janne E. , and Albe
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and sometimes irrational. " (p. 7)
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able to evaluate various nuclear we
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In an angry, stimulating book, Aske
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Lang reflects on how technology fac
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This is a pioneering collection of
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"good reasons" for not offering the
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take consistent ethical actions aga
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sadisChart: Taking a Stand Against
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This indicator refers to an advance
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14. Louis Rene Beres, "Genocide, St
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to horrible new acts of violence ag
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* 8. 27 ~Horowitz, Irving Louis. Ge
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~ 8. 41 ~Lifton, Robert J. , and Er
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~ 8. 56 ~Thompson, John L. P. "Geno
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CountryDatesPer petratorsVictimsEst
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Dwork, DeborahDyer, Gwynne. . . . .
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Morgenthau, Henry . . . . . '. . .
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TITLE INDEXThe Abandonment of the J
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"Epilogue: The Nuclear Arms Raceand
Page 188 and 189:
The Industrialization of Soviet Rus
Page 190 and 191:
Psychiatric Aspects of the Preventi
Page 192:
When Memory ComesWhile Six Million
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