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* 7. 47 +Nolan, Janne E. , and Albert D. Wheelon. "ThirdWorld Ballistic Missiles. " Scientific American 274, no.2 (1990): 34-40.Missiles capable of delivering nuclear, chemical,and biological warheads have spread rapidly to suchnations as Israel, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Libya, SouthAfrica, and Argentina. The authors warn that "TheThird World military buildup is perhaps even moreworrisome than its First World prototype, for it is farmore likely to find expression in war. " (p. 34)~ 7. 48 ~O' Connell, Robert L. Of Arms and Men: A History ofWar, Weapons, and Aggression. New York andOxford: Oxford University Press, 1989. LC 88-19526.ISBN 0-19-505359-1 pa.O' Connell offers an eloquent account of theevolution of weapons and warfare from antiquitythrough the nuclear age. Among the important themesthat pervade this chronologically organized survey aredehumanization; increased distance between killers andkilled; and the breakdown of the traditional distinctionbetween soldiers and civilians during wars of thetwentieth century. O' Connell exemplifies the meaningof dehumanization in this statement, "new armamentswere most easily employed if their victims could beconceptualized, however implausibly, as belonging toanother species. " (p. 190)~ 7. 49 ~Sallagar, Frederick. 7he Road to Total War. NewYork: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1969. LC 74-22389.ISBN 0-442-25074-6."What characterizes an all-out, or total, war isthat it is fought for such high stakes that the belligerentsare willing, or compelled, to employ, not all weaponsthey possess, but any weapons they consider appropriateand advantageous to them. " (p. 3) Sallagar assertsthat "It was the adoption of indiscriminate air warfarewhich signaled the transition to total war. ... " [in WorldWar II) (p. 4) After tracing the process by whichmisunderstandings, as well as deliberate decisions, ledto a policy of bombing cities by Germany, GreatBritain, and the United States, he concludes withspeculations on the implications of his study for futurewars.~ 750 ~Schaffer, Ronald. Wings of Judgment: AmericanBombing in World War Il. New York and Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1985. LC 85-4861. ISBN 0-19-503629-8.In an outstanding examination of the Americanpractice of bombing cities during World War II,Schaffer reviews the shift from an initial aversion toattacks against cities in Europe to the policy of direct,incendiary attacks against Japanese cities. He includestwo valuable chapters on moral dimensions of thebombing of cities and concludes with an epilogue inwhich he asserts that, "despite enormous qualitativechanges in the potential of weapons [with the inventionof nuclear weapons], the thinking of American militaryleaders, scientists, and statesmen in the postwar yearscontained important vestiges of earlier views about airwarfare and its"moral consequences. (p. 190) In fact,the men responsible for the planning and implementationof the incendiary raids against Japanese cities wereamong those in charge of early American nuclearweapons policy.* 7. 51 ~Sherry, Michael S. ?he Rise of American Air Power:17ie Creation of Armageddon. New York and London:Yale University Press, 1987. LC 86-19003. ISBN 0-300-03600-0.Sherry delves deeply into the historical, political,ideological, cultural, and social-psychological dimensionsof the embrace of the policy of attacking cities.The chapters on "The Sociology of Air War, " "TheSources of Technological Fanaticism, " and "TheTriumph of Technological Fanaticism" are ofparticular interest. Like Schaffer [7. 50], Sherryconcludes with important reflections on early U. S.nuclear weapons policy, which evolved from strategicbombing policies and practices. While the Schaffer andSherry books inevitably contain considerable commoninformation, differences in focus make them usefullycomplementary, rather than redundant. Together withRichard Rhodes' The Making of the Atomic Bomb[7. 76], they provide a solid historical foundation foran understanding of the early evolution of Americannuclear weapons policy.* 7. 52 *Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.Incendiary Weapons. Cambridge, MA, and London:The MIT Press, 1975. LC 75-11515. ISBN 0-262-19139-3.This SIPRI volume examines the uses of fire asa military weapon throughout history; fire weaponsinclude flamethrowers and incendiary bombs in WorldWar II and napalm in Vietnam. There is a summaryof existing international laws that purport to limit theuse of such weapons. Also several harrowing chaptersrelate the effects of incendiary weapons on humanbeings.138 GENOCIDE