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In 1943, Kravchenko was assigned to duty in theUnited States as a member of the Soviet PurchasingCommission. In 1944, he defected while on a trip toNew York. He says that he began to lose faith in theParty when he was ordered to safeguard "the harvestin hell. "~68~Legters, Lyman H. "The Soviet Gulag: Is It Genocidal?"In Toward the Understanding and Prevention ofGenocide. Ed. by Israel W. Charny. Boulder, CO:Westview Press, 1984. LC 84-15241. ISBN 0-86531-843-3.Legters argues that the Gulag meets the UNdefinition of genocide by reason of its disproportionateinvolvement of national minority groups, but also thatthe UN definition is deficient when applied to a societythat uses class categories, such as kulaks, as a basisfor differential, murderous treatment of citizens:~ 6. 9 ~If an allegedly socialist society, whoseprimary form of classification is that of class,either targets or invents a class with exterminationin prospect, that program must countas genocide lest the term lose its continuingpertinence for the contemporary world in all .of its variety.Lewin, M. Russian Peasants and Soviet Power, a Studyof Collectivization. New York: W. W. Norton A Co. ,1975. ISBN 0-393-00752-9.Based to a considerable extent on Soviet sources,Lewin's careful and highly detailed study examines thedecision for collectivization and the process of itsexecution in 1928-1929. Despite the fact that he doesnot single out the Ukraine and though he ends thetreatment before the onset of famine, this is an essentialtext for the prelude to the famine.~ 6. 10 ~Mace, James E. Communism and the Dilemmas ofNational Liberation: National Communism in SovietUkraine, 1918-1933. Cambridge, MA: HarvardUkrainian Research Institute, 1983. LC 83-4361. ISBN0-916458-09-1.Mace's book is the fundamental scholarly investigationof the Ukrainian problem in the Soviet Union.He lays the groundwork for an assessment of thegenocidal implications of collectivization and theensuing famine.* 6. 11 *Mace, James E. "Famine and Nationalism in SovietUkraine. " Problems of Communism 33:3 (May-June1984): 37-50.Mace argues that Stalin had singled out theUkraine for especially harsh treatment because of thesecessionist threat it posed for the Soviet Union. Macereminds us that during the 1918 German occupationof the Ukraine:Even Mennonite German communities welcomedtheir co-nationals and provided volunteersto fight the Bolsheviks, despite oldpacifist traditions. ... The Ukrainians not onlyformed their own nation-state but after theirmilitary defeat and incorporation into theUSSR, became what Poland would becomein the Soviet bloc after World War II: thatpart of the larger entity that was most consciousof its national distinctiveness, mostassertive of its prerogatives, and least willingto follow Moscow's model in arranging itsown affairs.In 1923, Moscow permitted a certain. limitedUkrainization, a policy designed to give the SovietUkrainian state a veneer of national legitimacy. Stilllater in the 1920s Mykola Skrypnyk became theUkrainian party leader, he being a strong advocate ofhis Republic's national interests. With respect to thenational language, "one of his first acts as educationcommissar was to chair an orthography conference. "He brought experts from Europe, Russia, and theUkraine together "to standardize Ukrainian spelling andpurge the language of"Russianisms.Evidently the movement toward Ukrainian nationalistlegitimacy went far beyond what Stalin had everintended or authorized; it also went far beyond whathe would tolerate. The "terror-famine" of 1932-33 wasthe result of Stalin's decision to reverse his previouspolicies favoring limited Ukrainization.~ 6. 12 ~Mace, James E. "The Man-Made Famine of 1933 inthe Soviet Ukraine: What Happened and Why?" InToward the Understanding and Prevention of Genocide.Ed. by Israel W. Charny. Boulder, CO: WestviewPress, 1984. LC 84-15241. ISBN 0-86531-843-3.Mace depicts the Ukrainian famine in which fiveto seven million perished as a del iberate Stal inist assaulton the Ukraine as a center of nationalism and as apotential threat to Moscow's centralizing authority. Todocument this charge, Mace describes the indictmentsmade in a conspiracy trial held in the Ukraine in 1930:The Ukrainian Famine 113