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es: People in the Machines of Death, " Elliot examines that for any reason can find no viable role in the societya number of cases, including "The European Soldierin the First World War, " in which it is domiciled. Because such people can"The Russians in the TwentiethCentury, " "China in the Twentieth Century, " expect none of the normal rewards of society, govern-"TheJews of Europe, " ments tend to regard them as potential sources of"The Rest of the Second WorldWar, " and "Other Twentieth Century Conflicts. " disorder and have often attempted to control them orInBook Two, titled, "Analyses: Parts of the Machine, " to remove them from the mainstream of societyaltogether. " (p. l) Rubenstein examines several casehe explores how ideology, technology, and other factors studies, including the Irish Potato Famine, the Holohavecontributed to the shocking death tolls. The book caust, and the genocide in Cambodia in order toends with a detailed statistical appendix in which the explicate his controversial thesis. His concludingauthor documents the sources for his figures and chapter, titled "Is There a Way Out?," advocatesassumptions. For a useful review of Elliot's book which fundamental changes in social values and economiccriticizes its flaws while acknowledging its contribu- arrangements.tions, see Victor Marshall, "Notes on a New Necrology." Omega 4, no. 4 (1973): 267-273.+ 7. 7a +Rummel, R. J. Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocide and0744Mass Murder since 1917. New Brunswick, NJ, andLeviton, Daniel, ed. Horrendous Death, Health, and London: Transaction Books, 1990. LC 89-28836. ISBNWell-Being. New York: Hemisphere Publishing Corp, 0-88738-333-5.1991. LC 90-4652. ISBN 1-56032-033-8.Leviton's collection makes an important contribu- ~ 7. 7b ~tion to the recognition and understanding of the Rummel, R. J. China 's Bloody Century: Genocide andproblem of collective violence. It contains excellent Mass Murder since 1900. New Brunswick, NJ, andarticles on homicide, genocide, terrorism, war, destruc- London: Transaction Books, 1991. ISBN 0-88738-417-tion of the enviroment, poverty and unemployment, X.hunger, and the threat of nuclear war.In these two volumes in a projected three-volumeseries on governmental mass killing during the twenti-4750eth century, Rummel uses the concept of "democide"Rhodes, Richard. "Man-Made Death: A NeglectedMortality. " to refer to cases where governments deliberatelyJournal of the American Medical Associa- slaughter masses of civilians. He concludes that "Suchtion 260 (1988): 686-687.democide has been far more prevalent than people haveIn this succinct article, Rhodes makes a persuasive believed, even several times greater than the numbercase for allocating more resources to the understanding, killed in all of this century's wars. " (p. ix) Anotherand prevention, of man-made death. Citing Gil Ell iot's important conclusion is that democracies are much lesspioneering work [7. 3], as well as recent statistical likely to engage in democide and related froms of massanalyses of the deathtolls of modern war, the author killing than are totalitarian governments.concludes that "The scale of public man-made deathin modern times is comparable with the scale of deathin former times from epidemic disease. " 78(p. 686) Stohl, Michael, and George A. Lopez, eds. GovernmentRhodes suggests that the public health movement that Violence and Repression: An Agenda for Research.dramatically reduced the toll of epidemic disease may New York: Greenwood Press, 1986. LC 85-24741.provide an analogue, or model, for efforts to bring IS BN 0-313-24651-3.man-made death under rational control.The contributors to this important study ofgovernmental violence argue that terrorism is practiced+ 7. 6 ~not only by non-governmental groups, but also byRubenstein, Richard L. The Age of Triage: Fear and governments. Thus, Barbara Harff, in "Genocide asHope in an Overcrowded World. Boston: Beacon Press, State Terror, " argues that "genocide is the most1983. LC 82-9407. ISBN 0-8070-4376-1.extreme policy option available to policymakers bentIn an important, provocative, and disturbingstudy on state terror, and is likely to be used to eliminateof govermental mass killing, Rubenstein argues that opposition groups. " (p. 183) Equally provocative arean important underlying motive for oppression and George Lopez's chapter on "National Security Ideologygenocidal violence is the elimination of "surplus as an Impetus to State Violence and State Terror" and"populations, which are increasing in numbers and Ted Gurr's chapter on "The Political Origins of Statesignificance in recent decades of the twentieth century. Violence and Terror: A Theoretical Analysis. "According to the author, "A surplus population is one132 GENOCIDE