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as "the cement of Jewish identity, " uniting Jews of allcultures and religious leanings.*3. 55 ~Seedbed of theHolocaust. " Midstream (May 1973): 3-25.Talmon, an important Jewish historian, asserts thatthe Holocaust was in fact unique, different from allother earlier massacres. Its key differences lie in theintention of the Nazis to annihilate completely all Jewsas well as in the systematic methods utilized for theirkilling. He analyzes those events and ideas that mayhave made the Holocaust possible.Talmon, J. L. "European History —~ 3. 56 ~"Was the Holocaust Unique?: Responses to PierrePapazian. " Midstream 30:4 (April 1984): 19-25.The major writers whom Papazian criticized inhis above cited article defend their positions and showwhere they agree and disagree with Papazian's commentson the uniqueness issue. Included are responsesfrom Yehuda Bauer, Lucy S. Dawidowicz, A. Roy andAlice L. Eckhardt, George M. Kren and Leon Rappoport,and Nora Levin, among others.~ 3. 57 ~Wertham, Frederic. "Looking at Potatoes from Below. "InA Signfor Cain: An ExplorationofHuman Violence.London: Robert Hale, 1966. LC 66-20825.Wertham strongly asserts that in process andmethodology the Holocaust was completely unprecedented.He adds, however, that, although unprecedented,it was not a unique occurrence in the sense that itcannot happen again under similar circumstances.*3. 58 *Willis, Robert E. "Confessing God after Auschwitz:"A Challenge for Christianity. Cross Currents 28 (Fall1978): 269-287.In examining the significance of the Holocaust forChristian theology, Willis analyzes the uniqueness ofthe Holocaust in terms of the uniqueness of Auschwitz.He concludes that the Holocaust was qualitativelyunique and discontinuous with other evil events. Thekey to its uniqueness lies in the methodology employed— the "bureaucratic and technological apparatusof state" that was put into effect.The Issue of the Holocaust as a Unique Event 65