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This indicator refers to an advanced stage in developmentof genocide when a society's leadership actuallyendorses and ratifies the mass destruction. The strongmenof the government or the cabinet authorize andpraise the killing of the targeted victim-people. Thecourts dismiss or simply do not bring charges againstperpetrators, the churches bless in the names of theirgods, and so on.Other Proposals for PreventingGenocideA variety of thinkers and groups have madesimilar proposals for early warnings of genocides.Speaking for the Baha'i International Community, agreat faith that holds as a cardinal principle the onenessof humankind, in an address given in London in March1982, Gerald Knight called for the development of anInternational Genocide Bureau. " He said then what isstill true today:At the moment there is no focus, no centralclearing house for cases of genocide. No agency existsfor concentrating world attention specifically on genocide.A Genocide Bureau would pay particular attentionto countries during times of national crises — war,revolution, political conflict, economic emergency — becausegenocide is especially likely to be attemptedunder the cover of nationwide disorder and confusionand when international attention is focused on otherissues. As soon as genocide was suspected, the GenocideBureau would immediately investigate.Secrecy is the greatest ally of any governmentinvolved in genocide, and one of the functions of theGenocide Bureau would be to mobilize public opinionand put pressure on the guilty government by exposingits activities.Attorney Luis Kutner" created a proposal for whathe called a World Genocide Tribunal. Political scientistsLouis Beres" and Barbara Harff" have written,independently, about the need for legal principles thatwould justify humanitarian intervention by one nationinto situations when another nation has entered into apolicy of mass killings of a targeted people. As notedearlier, David Hawk created the Cambodia DocumentationCommission and has attempted to create a legalbrief to bring charges against the government ofCambodia.InternationalAlertLeo Kuper of UCLA, the doyen of scholarshipon genocide in the world today, proposed some yearsago creating a new organization, International Alert,which has since come into being." The first secretarygeneralof International Alert in London was MartinEnnals, a former secretary-general of Amnesty Internationalfor many years, who believes now that the timehas come to begin dealing not only with governmentimprisonment and torture of individuals which is whatAmnesty specializes in (although it is also concernedwith some broader aspects of extra-judicial executionsby governments), but also with governments committingmass murder and genocide. International Alert seeksto intervene at the level of government and the internationalsystem as soon as possible after news of massmurders arises. It is also noteworthy that the UnitedStates Department of State issues an annual report onhuman rights in countries around the world, andincreasingly the European Parliament takes stands onviolations of human rights.ConclusionsThere is no question but that a variety of peopleand institutions are groping towards articulating a newworldwide awareness of human rights and genocide,but most of these initiatives are in their infancy, andare highly irregular, relatively unsupported, andunsystemized. It is not yet clear if any of them will beable to generate a momentum that will support thedevelopment of a permanent system for monitoringgenocide in this world.Our proposal of a Genocide Early Warning Systemwas hailed by Choice, a library review magazine, as"brilliant. " It was noted by the New York Times BookReview as a "noteworthy contribution to thinking aboutthe condition of humanity on the earth. " And it hasbeen recognized and hailed by a United Nations studyon genocide, which wrote as follows:Many welcome the establishment of early warningsystems of potential genocide situations in orderto prevent recurrence of the crime. Intelligentanticipation of potential cases could be based onthe databank of continuously updated information,which might enable remedial, deterrent or avertmeasures to be planned ahead. Reliable informationis the essential oxygen for human rights: thiscould be facilitated by the development of theU nited Nations satellite communications network.The Institute on the Holocaust and Genocide inIsrael has proposed such a body.A Lutheran minister, Pastor Niemoeller, who wasa victim of the Nazis, spoke out about the importanceof all of us caring about all other people. The beautifulpoetic statement attributed to him has become aprofound source of inspiration. It is a statement that156 GENOCIDE
goes to the heart of what the proposalgenocide in the world involves:First they came for the Jewsand I did not speak outbecauseI was not a Jew.Then they came for the communistsand I did not speak outbecauseI was not a communist.Then they came for the trade unionistsand I did not speak outbecauseI was not a trade unionist.Then they came for meandthere was no one leftto speak out for me.NQTEsto monitor1. Arieh Ben-Tov, Facing the Holocaustin Budapest:The International Committee of the Red Cross and theJews in Hungary, 1943-1945 (Geneva: Henry DunantInstitute; Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1988).2. Leo Kuper, Genocide: Its Political Use in theTwentieth Century (London: Penguin Books, 1981).3. David Hawk, "The CDC [Cambodia DocumentationCommission] View of the UN Peace Plan forCambodia, " Newsletterof the Institute for the Studyof Genocide no. 7 (1991): 11-12. See also "Campaignto Bring Khmer Rouge to Trial, " Internet on theHolocaust and Genocide Issue 10 (June 1987): 1; "InCambodia It Can Happen Again, " Internet on theHolocaust and Genocide Issue 23 (November 1989):4; Hurst Hannum, "International Law and CambodiaGenocide: The Sounds of Silence, " Human RightsQuarterly 11 (1989): 82-138.4. Israel W. Charny, "A Proposal for a New EncompassingDefinition of Genocide, Including New LegalCategories of Accomplices to Genocide and Genocideas a Result of Ecological Destruction and Abuse, "presented to the First Raphael Lemkin Symposium onGenocide, Yale University Law School, February 1991.5. "Fears of Khmer Rouge in Cambodia Mount, "Internet on the Holocaust and Genocide Issue 18(December 1988): 1-2 and "In Cambodia It CanHappen Again, " 4.6. "China Gives Contemporary Example of GovernmentDenial of Genocidal Massacre, " Internet on theHolocaust and Genocide Issue 22 (September 1989):l.7. "Government Opposition to Armenian GenocideBill Provokes Widespread Protest in Israel, " Interneton the Holocaust and Genocide Issue 23 (November1989): 2.8. Israel W. Charny and Shamai Davidson, eds. , TheBook of the International Conference on the Holocaustand Genocide (Tel Aviv: Institute of the InternationalConference on the Holocaust and Genocide, 1983).9. David H. Kitterman, "Those Who Said 'No':Germans Who Refused to Execute Civilians DuringWorld War II, " German Studies Review 11, no. 2(1988): 241-254.10. Ron Jones, "The Third Wave, " in ExperiencingSocial Psychology, ed. by Ayala Pines and ChristinaMaslach (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1984); HerbertC. Kelman and V. Lee Hamilton, Crimes of Obedience:Toward a Social Psychology of Authority and Responsibility(New Haven, CT, and London: Yale UniversityPress, 1989); Stanley Milgram, Obedience to Authority(New York: Harper & Row, 1974).10a. The concept of a Genocide Early Warning Systemwas formulated by me some years ago and thendeveloped in detail in collaboration with ChananRapaport, then director of the Szold National Institutefor Behavioral Sciences in Jerusalem.11. Israel W. Charny and Daphna Fromer, "TheReadiness of Health Profession Students to Complywith a Hypothetical Program of Forced Migration of"a Minority Population, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry60, no. 4 (1990): 486-495.12. Gerald Knight, "A Genocide Bureau" (Editor' stitle). Text of a talk delivered at the Symposium onGenocide, London, 20 March 1982. Mimeographed,14p.13. Luis Kutner and Ernest Katin, "World GenocideTribunal: A Proposal for Planetary Preventive MeasuresSupplementing a Genocide Early Warning System, "in Toward the Understanding and Prevention ofGenocide, ed. by Israel W. Charny (Boulder, CO:Westview Press, 1984).Early Warning, Intervention, and Prevention of Genocide 157
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GenocldeIn OurTlme- ,*"f* *An Annot
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DEDICATIONTo Raphael Lemkin(1901-19
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Chapter 5:The Armenian Genocide: Re
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Appendix 167Appendix: Chronology of
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ending sources of joy and hope. In
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Massive human suffering caused by p
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world without any reification and u
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CIIAPTER IETHNOCIDEby Alison Palmer
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als are tempted away by the promise
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Interactionsof Ethnocide and Genoci
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Chapter 1: AnnotatedBibliographyRea
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the inevitable extinction of tribal
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upon the purge of cultural and scie
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traditional ethnic and socio-cultur
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whites. Lizot proposes that integra
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¹ 1. 53 ¹Olson, James S. , and Ra
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tion of indigenes into state politi
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as a potential irredentist national
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serious questions about the notion
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ate and beleaguered institutions th
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In one of the most important works
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focusing on children, the most vuln
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~ 2. 35 ~Sereny, Gita. Into That Da
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were less than 200 Jewish survivors
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~ 2. 68 ~Nomberg-Przytyk, Sara. Aus
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of the war. The movement was known
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~ 2. 103 ~Wyman, David S. The Aband
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* 2. 122 ~Wiesenthal, Simon. The Su
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and Christianity. He argues that it
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Chapter 3THE ISSUE OF THE HOLOCAUST
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if we are to escape the mystificati
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outside the normal dimensions of ou
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historical event. All transformatio
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32. For an excellent understanding
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3 7Berenbaum, Michael. "The Uniquen
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Holocaust, a meaning with which we
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the Nazi exterminating drive, a pos
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framework, Marrus accepts the Holoc
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as "the cement of Jewish identity,
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'cry and you cry alone. ' So we kep
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of the body, combined with so many
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10. Lawrence Langer, Versions of Su
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~ 4. 10 ~Sichrovsky, Peter. Born Gu
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Appendix: The Diaryby Agi Rubinwith
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ella story. We could have eaten all
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which hardly anybody remains? Who k
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find a wise one who will solve it.
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Chapter 5THE ARMENIANGENOCIDE:REVIS
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The genocide was the culmination of
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Abdications and Retributions Turkey
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scene. They primarily targeted the
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Turkish and non-Turkish apologists
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and London: University Press of New
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supporters of Armenian independence
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that the history of the Armenians c
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Realities Based on Ottoman Document
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designed to falsely accuse Ottoman
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Page 152 and 153: able to evaluate various nuclear we
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Page 180 and 181: Dwork, DeborahDyer, Gwynne. . . . .
Page 182 and 183: Morgenthau, Henry . . . . . '. . .
Page 184 and 185: TITLE INDEXThe Abandonment of the J
Page 186 and 187: "Epilogue: The Nuclear Arms Raceand
Page 188 and 189: The Industrialization of Soviet Rus
Page 190 and 191: Psychiatric Aspects of the Preventi
Page 192: When Memory ComesWhile Six Million
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