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the inevitable extinction of tribal groups, or theirintegration into "civilized" society. The approachrecognizes that indigenous people could not surviverapidly encroaching industrialization — yet their demiseand disappearance warns us that global technological,social, and political advance needs to be balanced withhumane considerations if cultures, societies, and worldecosystems are to have a future. It is a crucial politicalquestion since ethnocide has been the outcome ofpolitical decisions devoid of human rights. The appendixesinclude a number of international declarationsand human rights programs.~ 1. 10 ~Branford Sue, and Oriel Glock. 1he Last Frontier;Fighting over Landin the Amazon. London: Zed BooksLtd. , 1985. ISBN 0-86232-395-9; 0-86232-396-7 pa.In a personalized account that is colored withnumerous detailed examples, the authors investigatedevelopment problems in the Brazilian Amazon region.They deal mainly with the struggle by peasant farmersagainst powerful landowners, but also consider thepurposes behind the state's transmigration policy, andits effect upon the indigenous landowners. Anti-Indiansentiment is found to be more overt among locallandowners and politicians. Anger is focused uponIndian land occupation and is founded upon irrationalhatred and ignorance of Indian culture. It is articulatedin demands for the seizure of Indian lands and for theirconformity to non-Indian work ethics.An attempted state project of the 1970s to emancipateIndians with sufficient contact with national societywas condemned by CIMI — the missionary council ofthe Catholic Church — as a deliberate policy of culturalextermination. It aimed to remove the protected statusof Indian land ownership and was to be followed bythe enforced division of land into family plots. Theproject was dropped in 1979 due to successful opposition.Space is also given to the activities of the strongIndian movement which operates at local and nationallevels.~ 1. 11 ~Brintnall, Douglas E. Revolt Against the Dead. NewYork, London, and Paris: Gordon and Breach, 1979.LC 79-. 1528. ISBN 0-677-05170-0.Brintnall examines the transformation of theAguacatan Indians of Guatemala, based on field workdone in the 1970s. The study reveals a complex pictureof interrelations in which deliberate exogenous destructionof traditional religious hierarchies occurs withina wider matrix of modernization, largely determinedby the Aguacatan themselves. While these religioushierarchies suffered demolition under the Christianizationpolicies of missionaries, particularly the SummerInstitute of Linguistics, their destruction also instigatedchanges within the Indian groups, such as the abolitionof traditional political structures and intergroup antagonisms,which increased the possibility for the Indiansto pursue their new, liberationist, economic directives.This was a case of cultural destruction and integrationrather than assimilation.~ 1. 12 ~Budiardjo, Carmel, and Liem Soei Liong. 1he WarAgainst East Timor. London: Zed Books Ltd. , 1984.ISBN 0-86232-228-6.The authors analyze the war that has raged in EastTimor since late 1975 against the expanding Indonesianstate. The rationale for the study was the emergenceof new information following a lull in the late 1970s,which challenged the assumption that the Timoreseresistance had been successfully squashed. The authorspurpose was to provide a "basis for renewed solidaritywith the victims of Indonesian aggression. " (p. xvii) Itutilizes a range of documentary sources from theresistance movement, overseas aid organizations, theIndonesian press, and leaked 1982 instructions toIndonesian troops on "counter-insurgency operations. "Many of these are presented in the second section ofthe book. Allegations of genocide and violence aremade and Chapter 5 is specifically concerned with theprogram of Indonesianization pursued since 17 July1976 after the adoption by the Indonesian Parliamentof the Bill of Integration. The imposition of Indonesianpolitical and social structures under military controlrendered East Timorese second class citizens, constantlysuspected of disloyalty to the Indonesian state. Similarly,the systematic, forced transition from traditionalagriculture to plantations, and the transmigration ofBalinese farmers to the region, had caused landlessness,forcible confinement in camps, famine, and increasingreliance upon relief agencies. Special attention has beenpaid to the massive construction of a standardizedIndonesian educational system devoid of Timoreseculture and history.+ 1. 13 +Budiardjo, Carmel, and Liem Soei Liong. West Papua:1he Obliteration of a People. Thornton Heath, England:Tapol, n. d. ISBN 0-9506751-1-3.A publication of Tapol, the British organizationconcerned with the dissemination of information anddefense of human rights in Indonesia, this book focuseson the military occupation of Irian Jaya, on the transmigrationpolicy to settle one million Javanese in tribalareas, and on the Papuan resistance of the OPM, theFree Papua Movement. A consequence of Javanesesettlement has been the dispossession of Papuanhomelands with the subsequent disruption of existingEthnocide 9