Realities Based on Ottoman Documents"; and KamuranGuri<strong>in</strong>, "Causes and Prevention of Armenian Terrorism." Paul Henze, <strong>in</strong> "The Roots of Armenian Violence:How Far Back Do They Extend?, " articulatesbest the <strong>in</strong>a<strong>in</strong> purpose of the above papers. He beg<strong>in</strong>sby ask<strong>in</strong>g: "Is there someth<strong>in</strong>g unusual about Armeniansas a people, or about their historical experience,that has made them prone to violence?" (p. 179) Hegoes back to the beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>g of history to search for ananswer to this question. Henze f<strong>in</strong>ds it <strong>in</strong> the defectsof historiography. "Armenian history has been studiedand written almost entirely by Armenians. The samecan be said, though perhaps not to the same degree,of many other peoples, such as the Georgians, Bulgarians,and Hungarians, who have tenaciously survivedthe vicissitudes of history. But Armenians seem torepresent an extreme case, much more so than Jews,e. g. People [sic] who write their own history tend toglorify their past and avoid objective exam<strong>in</strong>ation ofcontroversial features of it. " (p. 180)~ 5. 19 ~British Documents on Ottoman Armenians, Volume I(1856-1880), Volume Il (1880-1856). Ed. by Bilal N.$imsir. Ankara: Turkish Historical Society, 1982,1983. LC 83-217095. The <strong>in</strong>troduction to volume I wasissued separately as The Genesis of the ArmenianQuestion.This publication conta<strong>in</strong>s a large collection ofBritish documents from the Foreign Office. It <strong>in</strong>cludesreports by consuls <strong>in</strong> the <strong>in</strong>terior of Turkey, dispatchesby the Ambassador <strong>in</strong> Constant<strong>in</strong>ople, and <strong>in</strong>structionsby the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. Thedocuments pa<strong>in</strong>t a good picture of the lawlessness <strong>in</strong>the countryside, the shortcom<strong>in</strong>gs of the Ottomangovernment, the venality of the justice system, theextent of brigandage by Kurdish tribesmen, and thehelplessness of the unarmed Christian population <strong>in</strong>general. Yet <strong>in</strong> a transparent exercise <strong>in</strong> selectivity,$imgir writes an <strong>in</strong>troduction to the collection thatrelies solely on reports critical of, or unflatter<strong>in</strong>g to,the Armenians. In a thesis belied by the majority ofthe documents, the editor argues that the reformmeasures the British encouraged were an avenuewhereby the Christian m<strong>in</strong>orities improved their loteconomically to the detriment of the Muslim majority.Still the British purposefully agitated discontent <strong>in</strong> theArmenian communities as an excuse for <strong>in</strong>tervention.As a result of the War of 1877-78, the Armenians alsoentered <strong>in</strong>to secret relations with the Russians. Thelatter encouraged the idea of autonomy for the Armenianswho only formed a m<strong>in</strong>ority <strong>in</strong> the prov<strong>in</strong>ces.Accord<strong>in</strong>g to $imgir, the Armenians "were a merepawn" <strong>in</strong> the "Anglo-Russian rivalry over EasternTurkey. " The Armenian leaders who advocated reformor western patronage were responsible for "br<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>gunrest and suffer<strong>in</strong>g to their own people. " (p. 22) The$imsir volumes are part of a trend <strong>in</strong> revisionisthistoriography which aspires to accomplish two th<strong>in</strong>gs:1) to be credited with objectivity by publish<strong>in</strong>g documents;and 2) to deflect attention from the genocideby widen<strong>in</strong>g the field of controversy to encompass theentire last century of Armenian existence <strong>in</strong> the OttomanEmpire.The Dis<strong>in</strong>formers* 5. 20 *Ataov, Turkkaya. A Brief Glance at the "ArmenianQuestion". Ankara: Ankara Chambre of Commerce,1984. Hitler and the "Armenian Question". Ankara,1984. The Andonian "Documents "Attributedto TalaatPasha Are Forgeries! Ankara: Ankara Universitesi'S iyasal Bilgiler Fakultesi, 1984. A 'Statement WronglyAttributed to Mustafa Kemal Atattirk. Ankara: AnkaraUniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakultesi, 1984.This set of booklets was written by the chair ofRelations Division of the Faculty ofthe InternationalPolitical Science at Ankara University. Meant forpopular consumption, the publications revisit the themesof denial <strong>in</strong> a condensed form. They were all produced<strong>in</strong> response to the wave of Armenian terrorism and thepublicity surround<strong>in</strong>g it.The first booklet, after quickly summariz<strong>in</strong>g allof Armenian history <strong>in</strong> a few pages and demonstrat<strong>in</strong>gthe extent of Ottoman reliance on Armenian civilservants, beg<strong>in</strong>s discussion of the genocide <strong>in</strong> thefollow<strong>in</strong>g manner: "The events surround<strong>in</strong>g the transfer[sic] of the Armenian population <strong>in</strong> 1915 had to beexam<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> the light of active Armenian collaborationwith the Tsarist Russian forces, Turkey's enemy dur<strong>in</strong>gthe First World War. " (p. 33)The second pamphlet disputes Hitler's statementon the exterm<strong>in</strong>ation of the Armenians on the groundsthat Hitler was "no historian. " (p. 5) Ataov ma<strong>in</strong>ta<strong>in</strong>sthat by us<strong>in</strong>g the Hitler statement "militant Armeniansare exert<strong>in</strong>g every effort to make the Jews and othersbelieve that they are also another persecuted m<strong>in</strong>ority. "(p. 8) Thereafter Ataov attempts to demonstrate "the<strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ations of"[Armenian] anti-semitism, (p. 8)<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g the charge that "volunteer Armenian troopsunder the w<strong>in</strong>gs of Hitler's Germany dur<strong>in</strong>g the SecondWorld War were used <strong>in</strong> round<strong>in</strong>g up Jews and other'undesirables' dest<strong>in</strong>ed for the Nazi concentrationcamps. " (p. 9)The third booklet reviews the $<strong>in</strong>asi Orel workon the same subject. In the preface, the work isdescribed by Prof. Necdet Ser<strong>in</strong>, Dean of the Facultyof Political Science at Ankara University, as "the firstThe Armenian <strong>Genocide</strong>: Revisionism and Denial 101
volume of a series of books and booklets on certa<strong>in</strong>aspects of Turkish-Armenian relations. " (p. 3)The fourth booklet discusses the confusion betweenMustafa Kemal Ataturk and a certa<strong>in</strong> "Nemrud"Mustafa Kemal to whom a statement admitt<strong>in</strong>g themassacres is attributed. The error was detected by twoArmenian authors who over the years waged a struggleto halt the proliferation of the misattribution. For Ataovthe subject served as an opportunity to write a paento Ataturk and criticize the facile tendency to sensationalizequotes, or misquotations, from world leaders.~ 5. 21 *Ataov, Turkkaya. Deaths Caused by Disease <strong>in</strong>Relation to the Armenian Question. Ankara: Sev<strong>in</strong>qMatbaasi, 1985. Documents on the Armenian Question:Forged and Authentic. Ankara: Barok Ofset, 1985. AnArmenian Falsification. Ankara: Sev<strong>in</strong>q Matbaasi,1985.The title of the first booklet speaks for itself. Itis Ataov's contention that the high death toll of Armeniansdur<strong>in</strong>g World War I can be expla<strong>in</strong>ed by the spreadof epidemics which also affected the Turks <strong>in</strong> a similarpattern.The second booklet revisits the Andonian telegramsas forgeries and reproduces "authentic" Ottomandocuments <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g a 15 March 1916 orig<strong>in</strong>al signedby Talaat Pasha order<strong>in</strong>g that "no more displacementof Armenians, on whatever reason, were to take place"(p. 20), or a 23 May 1915 document "stat<strong>in</strong>g that thedisplaced Armenians be re-settled to the East ofDamascus and the East and South-east of Aleppo"(p. 24), while fail<strong>in</strong>g to note that what lies <strong>in</strong> thedirections <strong>in</strong>dicated from those two cities <strong>in</strong> Syria is<strong>in</strong> the ma<strong>in</strong> un<strong>in</strong>habitable wasteland.The third booklet identifies <strong>in</strong>stances of thecareless use, <strong>in</strong> works on the Armenian genocide, ofa pa<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g done by a Russian artist <strong>in</strong> 1871 called the"Apotheosis of War, " which shows a heap of skulls<strong>in</strong> a desert, with its reproduction without properattribution result<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a number of publicationsclaim<strong>in</strong>g that the picture depicts an actual scene. Ataovthen reviews the presumably forged Andonian documentsaga<strong>in</strong> with the <strong>in</strong>tent of leav<strong>in</strong>g the impressionthat the Armenian genocide is based on falsifiedevidence.~ 5. 22 *GQrun, KSmuran. The Armenian File: The Myth ofInnocence Exposed. London, Nicosia, and Istanbul:K. Rustem & Bro. and Weidenfeld & Nicolson Ltd,1985. LC 85-31393. ISBN 0-097-78705-5.Probably the most sophisticated work of revisionismto appear to date, The Armenian File was writtenby a former high rank<strong>in</strong>g official of the TurkishForeign M<strong>in</strong>istry with extensive experience at theambassadorial level. By virtue of his background,GQrQn may be regarded formally as one of the keyarticulators of Turkish government policy. This bookpurports to trace the political history of the Armenianpeople from its beg<strong>in</strong>n<strong>in</strong>gs until the found<strong>in</strong>g of theRepublic of Turkey. Most of it is dedicated to demonstrat<strong>in</strong>gthat Armenians engaged <strong>in</strong> a long series ofterrorist activities and rebellions from 1860 to 1923,a period where<strong>in</strong> virtually every new Armenianorganization is assumed to have been founded with the<strong>in</strong>tention of break<strong>in</strong>g up the Ottoman Empire <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>gones committed to charity. The provocation thesis ismade all-ambrac<strong>in</strong>g. The genocide is characterized byGurun as largely an emigration policy. He f<strong>in</strong>ds itspecially significant therefore that the Ottoman directivesspoke only of "relocation, " of""transferr<strong>in</strong>g, andof "settl<strong>in</strong>g. " As for the deaths, besides the usualcauses, epidemics and climatic factors, Giiri<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>sertsan orig<strong>in</strong>al comparison: "The Armenians were forcedto emigate because they had jo<strong>in</strong>ed the ranks of theenemy. The fact that they were civilians does notchange the situation. Those who were killed <strong>in</strong> Hiroshimaand Nagasaki dur<strong>in</strong>g the Second World War werealso civilians. Those who were killed dur<strong>in</strong>g the FirstWorld War <strong>in</strong> France, Belgium, and Holland were alsocivilians. Those who died <strong>in</strong> London dur<strong>in</strong>g the Battleof Brita<strong>in</strong> were also civilians. " (p. 216) The GQrQnthesis is a rather simple one the entire Armenianpopulation of the Ottoman Empire was a casualty ofwar.* 5. 23 *Orel, $<strong>in</strong>asi. "The Fact Beh<strong>in</strong>d the Telegrams Attribut-"ed to Talaat Pasha by the Armenians. Turkish ReviewQuarterly Digest (W<strong>in</strong>ter 1985-86): 83-102. See alsohis The Talaat Pasha Telegrams: Historical Fact orArmenian Fiction? London: K. Rustem & Brother,1986.Bas<strong>in</strong>g his position largely on the <strong>in</strong>herent difficultyof authenticat<strong>in</strong>g telegrams, Orel attempts to castdoubt on a set obta<strong>in</strong>ed by an Armenian named AramAndonian from an Ottoman civil servant known asNaim Bey. The telegrams <strong>in</strong> question conta<strong>in</strong>ed ordersfor deportation and massacre. Because the documentswere obta<strong>in</strong>ed surreptitiously, and because Andonianhas left two differ<strong>in</strong>g accounts on how he came <strong>in</strong>topossession of the telegrams — first depict<strong>in</strong>g Naim Beyas a man hav<strong>in</strong>g pangs of conscience and deliver<strong>in</strong>gthe telegrams to ease his guilt, and then describ<strong>in</strong>g himmore cynically, and accurately, as a gambler and adrunkard who sold him the telegrams — these problemshave made the documents vulnerable to questions ofauthenticity. Thus, they give Orel sufficient cause tosubmit that the telegrams are part of the "conspiracy"102 GENOCIDE
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GenocldeIn OurTlme- ,*"f* *An Annot
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DEDICATIONTo Raphael Lemkin(1901-19
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Chapter 5:The Armenian Genocide: Re
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Appendix 167Appendix: Chronology of
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ending sources of joy and hope. In
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Massive human suffering caused by p
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world without any reification and u
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CIIAPTER IETHNOCIDEby Alison Palmer
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als are tempted away by the promise
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Interactionsof Ethnocide and Genoci
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Chapter 1: AnnotatedBibliographyRea
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the inevitable extinction of tribal
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upon the purge of cultural and scie
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traditional ethnic and socio-cultur
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whites. Lizot proposes that integra
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¹ 1. 53 ¹Olson, James S. , and Ra
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tion of indigenes into state politi
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as a potential irredentist national
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serious questions about the notion
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ate and beleaguered institutions th
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In one of the most important works
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focusing on children, the most vuln
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~ 2. 35 ~Sereny, Gita. Into That Da
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were less than 200 Jewish survivors
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~ 2. 68 ~Nomberg-Przytyk, Sara. Aus
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of the war. The movement was known
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~ 2. 103 ~Wyman, David S. The Aband
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* 2. 122 ~Wiesenthal, Simon. The Su
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and Christianity. He argues that it
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Chapter 3THE ISSUE OF THE HOLOCAUST
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take consistent ethical actions aga
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sadisChart: Taking a Stand Against
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This indicator refers to an advance
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14. Louis Rene Beres, "Genocide, St
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to horrible new acts of violence ag
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* 8. 27 ~Horowitz, Irving Louis. Ge
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~ 8. 41 ~Lifton, Robert J. , and Er
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~ 8. 56 ~Thompson, John L. P. "Geno
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CountryDatesPer petratorsVictimsEst
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Dwork, DeborahDyer, Gwynne. . . . .
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Morgenthau, Henry . . . . . '. . .
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TITLE INDEXThe Abandonment of the J
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"Epilogue: The Nuclear Arms Raceand
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The Industrialization of Soviet Rus
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Psychiatric Aspects of the Preventi
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When Memory ComesWhile Six Million