ella story. We could have eaten all the bread, andthere was enough to fill us. But we don't dare. "Whatwill happen tomorrow?" We look at it and put it aside.As the healthiest among us three, I start to work.I br<strong>in</strong>g water and wash the sick ones. The morn<strong>in</strong>ggoes by quickly. Sleep<strong>in</strong>g, eat<strong>in</strong>g, dr<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g coffee,wash<strong>in</strong>g ourselves for the first time <strong>in</strong> two weeks. Nooncomes and d<strong>in</strong>ner arrives — a two-course meal! Soupand a potato. So we are kept busy. We are undershelter and gett<strong>in</strong>g food, but are afraid of hav<strong>in</strong>g to goon. So we don't eat everyth<strong>in</strong>g.In the afternoon, we were surprised by a policemanat the w<strong>in</strong>dow who speaks Hungarian. He hadserved <strong>in</strong> Germany. We spoke with him and he promisedto br<strong>in</strong>g canned milk <strong>in</strong> the even<strong>in</strong>g. We lookforward to that reunion. But he disappeared, and wenever saw him aga<strong>in</strong>.There is dead silence <strong>in</strong> the room. Suddenly thedoor opens, and the open<strong>in</strong>g of this door br<strong>in</strong>gs backour lives. A clean-cut officer enters whom I immediate-ly like. And others, too. Unusual feel<strong>in</strong>g — they are notGermans yet they wear military uniforms. But theseare our friends. They come <strong>in</strong> and br<strong>in</strong>g smiles andcontentment. Who they are we don't know. We onlyknow that they are good.One bends down, but before he does, he lookslike he is afraid of someth<strong>in</strong>g. He says to us, "Juden?"Then he looks to the side, and he tries to hold backhis tears. He leaves the room, wipes his eyes, andcomes back.Us<strong>in</strong>g his k<strong>in</strong>dest words, he tries to comfort us.He tells us that he is a prisoner of war, a Jew. Theyare go<strong>in</strong>g to take us to the hospital which is a verygood place. Suddenly, we are unsure. "A hospital?What is this?" All three of us answer <strong>in</strong> horror that weare healthy. We are afraid to go to this hospital. Butthe Jewish friend whose name we don't yet know stopsthe words <strong>in</strong> our mouths. "Don't be afraid. We aretak<strong>in</strong>g you to a good place. A place where we will takecare of you. "Soon we gather ourselves and our belong<strong>in</strong>gs — aquarter of a bread and a potato. The w<strong>in</strong>d is bit<strong>in</strong>g andwe walk alongside this Jewish man. The ra<strong>in</strong>drops thathit our faces almost raise our spirits. But they are stillfaces of tired, broken prisoners, completely <strong>in</strong> a daze.As we walk, I th<strong>in</strong>k of those from our transportstill on the march — still be<strong>in</strong>g harassed, kicked, herdedalong. Suddenly a police car approaches us and stops.We are lucky. It goes on, and we are able to cont<strong>in</strong>ueour journey. Eventually, we come to the hospital.In the courtyard, new faces greet us. These menlook at us with astonishment. We are still <strong>in</strong> our dirtycamp clothes, so it is not surpris<strong>in</strong>g that they areshocked by our appearance. We go down a hallway,<strong>in</strong>to one of the rooms, where we are met by French-men. We don't understand each other's languages, butwe do understand their k<strong>in</strong>dness and compassion. Soonwe are able to take warm showers and then to s<strong>in</strong>k <strong>in</strong>tobed. How good it feels!The room fills with <strong>in</strong>quir<strong>in</strong>g Frenchmen, Yugo-slavs, Britishers, and others of many nationalities.These are soldiers who had not seen anyone like usbefore. They are very <strong>in</strong>terested <strong>in</strong> our fate. And whenthey leave, they bid good-bye with sadness and sensitivity<strong>in</strong> their eyes. They don't want to overly disturb us.Now a bucketful of sweet milk arrives, andeveryone can have as much as they want. And we don' thave to stand <strong>in</strong> l<strong>in</strong>e for it! This didn't happen to ustoo!<strong>in</strong> the German camps. But now this has happenedNext, a very k<strong>in</strong>d-look<strong>in</strong>g French doctor comes<strong>in</strong>. He goes around and writes down everybody' sailment on his chart. Yes, we have come to live this,too!I am here <strong>in</strong> a prisoner of war camp — me as awoman, as a child. The American and English care[CARE] packages come, and they provide what weneed <strong>in</strong> the camp. After d<strong>in</strong>ner, the doctor says goodnight.He wishes us rest and peace. "By tomorrow, notone German will rema<strong>in</strong> here at the hospital. They willno longer rule over us. " We take his word and s<strong>in</strong>ktoward sleep. For the first time s<strong>in</strong>ce I can remember,we can stretch out on white sheets. We can rest. Theyare not go<strong>in</strong>g to wake us <strong>in</strong> the morn<strong>in</strong>g for the Appel[roll-call].From out of deep sleep we wake for breakfast.Hot tea is await<strong>in</strong>g us. From the potatoes that rema<strong>in</strong>,I fix a good puree that we spread over the bread. Westill restrict ourselves to one slice of bread only. Wemay need the rest for tomorrow. But the biggestspecialty at home wouldn't have tasted as good as thisEnglish tea and pureed potato. Hungry people appreci-ate anyth<strong>in</strong>g that means food.After breakfast, we get a very profitable visitorwho br<strong>in</strong>gs us men's shirts and men's underwear. Itdoesn't matter, it's clean. We are not scratch<strong>in</strong>g andalways imag<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the lice.Many of the visitors' names we don't know. Wecan't even write down their names because there areso many. Among them is the Jewish man who broughtus to the hospital. He takes the three of us as sisters.His name is Marco Rub<strong>in</strong>ich Belgrade.All the men are very courteous and k<strong>in</strong>d, but thisone is different. His name we must mark down, andeven if we didn' t, we would remember. From his story,I learn that he went through some of the same suffer<strong>in</strong>gthat we did. He lost his family. But he himself didn' tsuffer as much because he was a prisoner of war andtreated as a soldier through political arrangements.Thus, he didn't see the Auschwitz crematorium but only7SGENOCIDE
heard about it. Only through our stories did he learnwhat was done.It's enough to listen to these horrors. The gas, thecrematorium, the forced marches. It's enough to hearabout it, let alone to see it. But enough about this.Marco comes <strong>in</strong> very often and always arrives withfresh news. "Be happy. Tomorrow, or the day aftertomorrow at the latest, we will be free. All the Germandogs have left the hospital already. Now we are donewith them. Brothers, sisters, be happy!"The poor man was wast<strong>in</strong>g his breath try<strong>in</strong>g tomake us feel good. We still don't believe anyth<strong>in</strong>g. Upuntil the last moment, the crematorium is our nightmare.We are tell<strong>in</strong>g everybody about it, whether wewant to or not. <strong>Our</strong> stories are only about the crematorium,whether we want to or not. Either <strong>in</strong> my dreamor if I am awake, I can only see the flames <strong>in</strong> front ofme. And the vision never fades.With her economy of words, this repeatedpassage appears arrest<strong>in</strong>g and may lie atthe heart of Agi's — and most survivors'— consciousness. Their thoughts, ifnot their words, "whether we want to ornot" rema<strong>in</strong> with the flames, with thecrematorium. Agi's experience <strong>in</strong> Auschwitzmay symbolize that more than most.As her daily task, the Germans assignedher to sort the clothes of dead Jews. Sheworked each day directly across from oneof the crematoria; watched the flames andthe smoke and refused to believe — bothbelieved and did not believe. And so,whether she wants to or not, she speaksof simultaneously express<strong>in</strong>g anotherfeel<strong>in</strong>g: "but enough about this. "Too much talk tires us, so it's better for us to rest.The visitors are courteous. They would like to sitlonger, but the doctor makes them leave.This is our new life. The day goes fast and it isgood. But now it's quiet. It's night. Let's sleep. Let' sdream that we shall be happy.Beh<strong>in</strong>d the diary is her story, her recollectionsof how "everyth<strong>in</strong>g always happenedat night. . . the scream<strong>in</strong>g and the cry<strong>in</strong>g"and her "no sleep without nightmares"without "the sounds. .. <strong>in</strong> the night. " Tospeak of happ<strong>in</strong>ess under such circumstancesand with such memories demandsa double def<strong>in</strong>ition, a historically specificcontext. The camp at Mulberg, among thePOWs, def<strong>in</strong>ed a new happ<strong>in</strong>ess: free fromtorture, from starvation, from the fearthat there would be no bread or potatotomorrow; and haunted by the memoriesand the reality of lost family, childhood,community.April 22, 1945. The Liberation Day.There is a lot of commotion <strong>in</strong> the hallway. Wewake up wonder<strong>in</strong>g — maybe it's our liberators. Wedon't wait very long because the men rush <strong>in</strong> with greatjoy. "The Russians are here! Be happy! We are free!In a week or two Germany will be completely kaput!"Later on, a very high-rank<strong>in</strong>g Russian officer andhis ret<strong>in</strong>ue come <strong>in</strong>. <strong>Our</strong> friend Marco is with themas their translator. His face glows with happ<strong>in</strong>ess. He<strong>in</strong>troduces us to the officer. We show him the numberson our arms that we received <strong>in</strong> Auschwitz. The officershakes his head. "This is rare. "This is not the way I pictured the liberation. It' snot true. I don't believe it. "They can still take usback, " I th<strong>in</strong>k to myself with fear. But I don't sayanyth<strong>in</strong>g out loud. The high-rank<strong>in</strong>g officer k<strong>in</strong>dly saysgood-bye.In the room, we just look at each other. We can' tspeak. Everybody's eyes are filled with tears. Butnobody dares to show it.Everybody can go wherever they want when theyare healthy. Now we are free. We are no longer underthe Germans.Later, Marco comes back and asks if we want togo to Palest<strong>in</strong>e. He can register the three of us asPalest<strong>in</strong>ian or as British citizens. He tells us thatMunkacz will be under the Russians. And once thathappens, we would not be able to leave.We asked for time to th<strong>in</strong>k about it. After a fewhours, we decided to stay with our first thought: weare go<strong>in</strong>g home. We are go<strong>in</strong>g home to look aroundour town. And after that, we will emigrate somewhere.Marco agrees with our plan although he fears it mightthen be too late to get out. But he doesn't want toconfuse us. In a case like this, you can't tell someonewhat to do. So we will be registered as Munkaczi andas Hungarians.We talked about the past and the future. And aboutthe future and the past. We have suffered enough. Nowgood will come. Let the sunsh<strong>in</strong>e brighten our life.As concerns the food, it's not even news anymore.I th<strong>in</strong>k we could get back very fast to a regular life — anormal, human way of life as we were used to yearsbefore.I was liberated <strong>in</strong> a prisoner of war camp amongvery f<strong>in</strong>e people. They took care of us with good willand compassion. Life is unusual, and so is this liberation.Who knows where my poor father is suffer<strong>in</strong>g?Who knows what he is th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g about his family from?he Victims Who Survived 79
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GenocldeIn OurTlme- ,*"f* *An Annot
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DEDICATIONTo Raphael Lemkin(1901-19
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Chapter 5:The Armenian Genocide: Re
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Appendix 167Appendix: Chronology of
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ending sources of joy and hope. In
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Massive human suffering caused by p
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world without any reification and u
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CIIAPTER IETHNOCIDEby Alison Palmer
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als are tempted away by the promise
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Interactionsof Ethnocide and Genoci
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Chapter 1: AnnotatedBibliographyRea
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the inevitable extinction of tribal
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upon the purge of cultural and scie
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traditional ethnic and socio-cultur
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whites. Lizot proposes that integra
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¹ 1. 53 ¹Olson, James S. , and Ra
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tion of indigenes into state politi
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as a potential irredentist national
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serious questions about the notion
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74. Quoted in Paul Walker and Eric
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es: People in the Machines of Death
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¹ 7. 16 ¹Dadrian, Vahakn N. "A Th
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Corporate Enterprise at Auschwitz"
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* 7. 47 +Nolan, Janne E. , and Albe
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and sometimes irrational. " (p. 7)
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able to evaluate various nuclear we
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In an angry, stimulating book, Aske
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Lang reflects on how technology fac
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This is a pioneering collection of
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"good reasons" for not offering the
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take consistent ethical actions aga
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sadisChart: Taking a Stand Against
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This indicator refers to an advance
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14. Louis Rene Beres, "Genocide, St
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to horrible new acts of violence ag
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* 8. 27 ~Horowitz, Irving Louis. Ge
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~ 8. 41 ~Lifton, Robert J. , and Er
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~ 8. 56 ~Thompson, John L. P. "Geno
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CountryDatesPer petratorsVictimsEst
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Dwork, DeborahDyer, Gwynne. . . . .
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Morgenthau, Henry . . . . . '. . .
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TITLE INDEXThe Abandonment of the J
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"Epilogue: The Nuclear Arms Raceand
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The Industrialization of Soviet Rus
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Psychiatric Aspects of the Preventi
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When Memory ComesWhile Six Million