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32. For an excellent understanding of Habermas'intervention in the German Debate, see John Torpey,""Introduction: Habermas and the Historians, NewGerman Critique no. 44 (Spring/Summer 1988): 5-24.33. Peter Gay, Freud, Jews and Other Germans (NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1978), xi.34. Charles S. Maier, The Unmasterable Past:History, Holocaust, and German National Identity(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988),1.35. Otto Dov Kulka, "Singularity and Its Relativization:Changing Views in German Historiography onNational Socialism and the 'Final Solution', " YadVashem Studies 19 (1988): 163.36. See Martin Broszat and Saul Friedlander, "AControversy about the Historicization of NationalSocialism, " Yad Vashem Studies 19 (1988): 1-47.37. For an excellent discussion of this position seeJurgen Kocka, "The Weight of the Past in Germany'sFuture, " German Politi cs and Society (February 1988):22-29.38. For further reading see Richard J. Evans, InHitler's Shadow: West German Historians and theAttempt to Escape Pom the Nazi Past (New York:Pantheon Books, 1989); and Ian Kershaw, The NaziDictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation,2d ed. (London and New York: Edward Arnold,1989), 150-191.39. Steven T. Katz, "The 'Unique' Intentionality ofthe Holocaust, " Modern Judaism 1:2 (September 1981):161-183.40. Friedlander, 1-6.41. Richard L. Rubenstein, The Cunning of History(New York: Harper and Row, 1975), 6-7, 22-35.42. Henry Friedlander, "Toward a Methodology ofTeaching about the Holocaust, " 530-531.43. Yehuda Bauer, "Whose Holocaust?" Midstream26:9 (November 1980): 45.44. Robert E. Willis, "Confessing God after Ausch-"witz: A Challenge for Christianity, Cross Currents28:3 (Fall 1978): 272.45. See Leo Kuper, Genocide (New Haven: YaleUniversity Press, 1981), 120-122, 135.46. Jackel, 110.47. For an excellent analysis of the problem ofincomprehensibility, see Dan Magurshak, "TheIncomprehensibilityof the Holocaust: Tightening Up SomeLoose Usage, " in Echoes Pom the Holocaust: Philo-sophical Reflections on a Dark Time, ed. by AlanRosenberg and Gerald Myers (Philadelphia: TempleUniversity Press, 1988), 421-431.48. Bauer, "Right and Wrong Teaching of the Holocaust," 5.49. Geoff Eley, "Holocaust History, " London Reviewof Books (3-17 March 1982): 6.50. Papazian, 18.Chapter 3: Annotated¹31¹Arendt, Hannah. Eichmann in Jerusalem. Rev. & enl.ed. New York: Viking Press, 1964. LC-64-25532.In the epilogue of her well known book, Arendtconcludes that the Nazi crimes were unique "politicallyand legally. " She says, ". . . these 'crimes' were differentnot only in degree of seriousness but in essence. " Shesees the key difference to lie in the Nazi intention tomurder all Jews worldwide, thus creating a new kindof crime that she calls a "crime"against humanity.Bibliography¹ 3. 2 ¹"Bauer, Yehuda. "Against Mystification. In TheHolocausti n Hi stori cal Perspective. Seattle: Universityof Washington Press, 1978. LC 78-2988. ISBN 0-295-95606-2.Bauer confronts the dilemma of conceptualizingthe Holocaust as unique: if totally unique, it lies outsidehistorical understanding; if not at all unique, then"where are the parallels and precedents?" He placesthe Holocaust within the context of history as "parallel"to other acts of genocide, but claims that the Nazis'wish to murder all Jews simply by virtue of the factthat they were Jews and not for any secondary gain,The Issue of the Holocaust as a Unique Event 55