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upon the purge of cultural and scientific representativesand institutions of previous or "counter" ideologies.The intelligentsia, universities, and publishers were alltargeted and widespread arrests, interrogations, andtorture ensued. Conquest refers to this era as "aholocaust of the things of the spirit. " (p. 307) He alsoexamines the horror of labor camps as ideological reeducationcenters for ideologically unsound peasantsand intellectuals. The author's 1968 book was widelyacknowledged to be the only authoritative historicalwork on the the Ukraine during the Stalinist era of the1930s. See also 6. 2.~ 1. 19 ~Conquest, Robert. The Harvest of Sorrow: SovietCollectivization and the Terror-Famine. London,Melbourne, Auckland, and Johannesburg: Hutchinson,1986. ISBN 0-09-163750-3. Another edition: New Yorkand Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986. LC 86-2437. ISBN 0-19-504054-6.Conquest analyzes Stalinistpolicies in the Ukrainebetween 1929 and 1933. He identifies two distinct processes— dekulakization and collectivization policies from1929-1932; and imposed famine and ethnocide during1932-1933, which attacked Ukrainian culture, intelli-gentsia, and religion. Ukrainian nationalism was singledout as the problem demanding. resolution. Conquestmakes use of a wide range of evidence to substantiateclaims, including testimonies from survivors. This isa scholarly work from a highlySee also 6. 3.*1. 20 ~respected authority.Dargyay, Eva K. Tibetan Village Communities:Structure and Change. Warminster, England: Aris andPhillips Ltd. , 1982. ISBN 0-85668-151-2.Dargyay's socio-anthropological study of smallrural communities in Gyantse district is based uponinterviews with Tibetan refugees in India and Switzerlandin the 1970s. The Chinese occupation has broughtabout "the destruction of the traditional Tibetanculture, " "alienation, " and "flight. " (p. 4) Dargyay'sreconstruction of traditional village life serves as ameasure for change in the post-invasion period, whichis examined in the final chapter.~ 1. 21 +Davis, Robert, and Mark Zannis. The GenocideMachine in Canada. Montreal: Black Rose Books,1973. LC 75-306912. ISBN 0-919618-04-9.Two journalists point the finger at those involvedin perpetrating the cultural destruction of Indian andInuit peoples in Arctic Canada under the general claimof development. Theirs is a lively book which locatesthe impact of Canadian and foreign state and privateenterprises upon the native peoples, within a widerdiscussion of the United Nations Convention onGenocide. The limitation of the latter is identified andsuggestions made for a more applicable, preventativeapproach to the issue. Ethnocidal policies aimedspecifically at children forcibly transplant them to analien educational system which denies their ownculture. Recent ethnogenesis among the youth is noted.~ 1. 22 *Davis, Shelton H. Victims of the Miracle. Cambridge,London, New York, and Melbourne: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1977. LC 77-5132. ISBN 0-521-21738-5.In one of the first studies to do so, Davis drawsattention to the fate of the Amazonian Indians underBrazilian economic development. He provides studentsof development and human rights with a thoroughgrounding in Brazilian Indian policy. The impositionof national and multi-national economic programs hasdisregarded these aspects of Brazilian law, and has hadfar-reaching consequences for indigenous and nonindigenouspeoples everywhere. Davis' book is anextension to the arguments of Darcy Ribeiro on thecentral role of economic and political policy in theincreasing physical and cultural extinction on Amazoniantribes, published in 1957, 1962, and 1970.~ 1. 23 ~Devalle, Susana B. C. Multi-Ethnicity in India: TheAdivasi Peasants of Chota Nagpur and Santal Parganas.IWGIA Document no. 41. Copenhagen: InternationalWork Group on Indigenous Affairs, 1980.In a clearly presented argument, Devalle examinesthe contemporary economic and cultural oppression ofthe Adivasis population of India, particularly those inBihar state. As the original inhabitants, the tribalidentity of the Adivasis presents a problem to thecreation of an integrated Indian identity by means ofSanskritization and Westernization policies. Twocultural and one economic solutions are identified: 1)the gradual replacement of traditional culture, particularlylanguage and religion, through education — thatis, detribalization; 2) a Rousseauian "noble savage"idealism purporting to isolate and preserve tribalgroupings assumed to be stagnant; and 3), specifictribal development programs to integrate "inherentlybackwards" Adivasis into a larger, capitalist oriented,economic plan. All three seek to eliminate Adivasisculture. and identity by denying Adivasis reality andany political or economic autonomy. Consequently, thecenturies-long struggle of the Adivasis against theirexploitation has recently been strengthened as theyarticulate for their own autonomous state and seekpantribal unity in agrarian resistance to imposedErhnocide 11