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~ 3. 24 ~Friedlander, Saul. "On the Possibilityof the Holocaust:An Approach to a Historical Synthesis. " In TheHolocaust as Historical Experience. Ed. by YehudaBauer and Nathan Rotenstreich. New York: Holmes& Meier, 1981. LC 80-23136. ISBN 0-8419-0635-1.Friedlander attempts to determine why, althoughthree decades have passed, our historical understandingof the Holocaust is no better now than just followingthe war. One of the first topics he discusses is the issueof the Holocaust's uniqueness. He claims that theholocaust was unique both inside Nazism and without.Inside Nazism it was unique because the Jews were theonly group the Nazis intended to annihilate totally andthey were the only group identified with absolute evil.In world history, Friedlander finds that "although thereare precedents for an attempt at total physical eradication,the Nazi exterminatory drive was made unmistak-"ably unique by its motivation. Although the uniquenessof the Holocaust denies our ability to use "explanatorycategories of a general izing kind, " it should not preventus from trying to identify and explain the historicaltrends that led up to the Holocaust.~ 3. 25 *Frey, Robert S. "Issues in Post-HolocaustChristianTheology. " Dialog: A Journal of Theology (Summer1983): 227-235.Frey asserts that the Holocaust is a significantevent for Christian theology and as such must be theconcern of all denominations. In introducing hisdiscussion, he tries to establish a rationale for determin-ing the Holocaust's significance and in this contextconfronts the uniqueness issue. To him the Holocaust'suniqueness lies in the methodology of the event — thefact of a mass murder being carried out by a "statesponsored, technologically sophisticated system, " ina thoroughly rational manner — as well as being reflectedin a more intentionalist position that recognizes the Naziattempt to murder all Jews by virtue of their beingJewish.*3. 26 ~Friedman, Philip. "'Righteous Gentiles' in the NaziEra. " In Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust.Ed. by Ada June Friedman. New York: Jewish PublicationSociety and the Conference on Jewish SocialStudies, 1980. LC 79-89818. ISBN 0-8276-0170-0.Friedman, a prominent Jewish historian, concludeshis essay with a statement that recognizes that themethodology employed in the Holocaust — a massmurder conducted under the auspices of a full statebureaucracy — was historically unprecedented.* 3. 27 *Goldberg, Hillel. "Holocaust Theology: The SurvivorsStatement — Part I. " Tradition 20:2 (Summer 1982):141-154.Goldberg, Hillel. "Holocaust Theology: The SurvivorsStatement — Part II. " Tradition 20:4 (Winter 1982):341-357.Goldberg, who approaches the Holocaust fromthe Orthodox Jewish point of view, asserts that theHolocaust only seems unique, for every major Jewishcatastrophe appears so for the people who live throughthe experience. "The Holocaust survivors remind usof the Jewish ability to respond to watershed disasters,each seen as unique in its own time. " But this uniquenessshould not be seen as a reason to assume itsincomprehensibility for all time with regards to Jewishtheology. A new theology not yet developed, Goldbergclaims, is as necessary for an adequate response to theHolocaust as it was for other previous Jewish catastrophes,but those who choose to present the Holocaustas an event qualitatively different from other catastrophicevents in Jewish history encourage silence and notspeech on the issue and would prevent a new theologyfrom developing.~ 3. 28 ~Habermas, Jurgen. The New Conservatism: CulturalCriticism and the Historians'Debate. Ed. and trans.by Shierry Weber Nicholsen. Cambridge, MA: MITPress, 1989. ISBN 0-262-08188-1.Throughout two sections of his book Habermas,whose response to Nolte first triggered the GermanDebate, repeatedly criticizes those historians who woulduse the relativization of the Holocaust to deny itsuniqueness. Their denial, he states, is put forth forapologetic reasons, in order to relieve Germans of themoral responsibility of the Nazi crimes of the past.Habermas believes that Auschwitz was an epoch-makingevent in that it "altered the conditions for the continuationof historical life contexts — and not only in Germany."* 3. 29 *Hancock, Ian. "Uniqueness, Gypsies and Jews. " InRemembering for the Future: Working Papers andAddenda. Vol. 2. Ed. by Yehuda Bauer, et al. Oxford:Pergamon Press, 1989. ISBN 0-08-036754-2.Hancock, who was a special advisor to the U. S.Holocaust Memorial Council, denies the Jewishuniqueness of the Holocaust by extending it to encompassthe Gypsies as well. He asserts that both the Jewsand the Gypsies suffered the same fate during the NaziHolocaust for exactly the same reasons thereby disclaimingthat the Jews were the exclusive victims of60 GENocIDE