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¹ 2. 132 *Knopp, Josephine Z. The Trial of Judaism in ContemporaryJewish Writing. Urbana: University of IllinoisPress, 1975. LC 74-18319. ISBN 0-252-00386-1.Knopp investigates Jewish writing after theHolocaust and concludes that Judaism is reaffirmedthrough the emergence of a moral code she calls""mentshlekhayt, which is central to the Jewishtradition.¹ 2. 133 ¹Langer, Lawrence L. The Holocaust and the LiteraryImagination. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975.LC 75-8443. ISBN 0-300-1908-4.Langer analyzes selective literary works aroundthe theme of the aesthetic problem of reconcilingnormalcy with horror. He points out the inadequaciesof language to cope with the problem of presenting theHolocaust to readers. Words like "suffering, " "tragedy," and "dignity" are just inadequate.* 2. 134 *Langer, Lawrence L. Holocaust Testimonies. NewHaven: Yale University Press, 1991. ISBN 0-300-04966-8.Langer's is the first sustained analysis of theunique ways in which oral testimony of survivors hascontributed to our understanding of the Holocaust.Drawing on the Fortunoff Video Archives for HolocaustTestimonies at Yale University, Langer showshow oral testimonies complement historical materialby providing the human dimension. He offers a criticalanalysis of the distinctionsbetween written and oraltestimony. Oral testimony is distinguished by theabsence of literary mediation. See also 4. 6.* 2. 135 *Langer, Lawrence L. Versions of Survival: The Holocaustand the Human Spirit. Albany: State Universityof New York Press, 1982. LC 81-14560. ISBN 0-87395-583-8.Langer analyzes theories of survival developedby Bettelheim, Frankl, and Des Pres. He focuses onthe writing of Wiesel, Kolmar, and Sachs and arguesagainst the literary or moral unity in Holocaust litera-ture. He also challenges the notion that there is aprototypical survivor, or simple theory of survival byfocusing on the interpretation of Holocaust memoirsand the "versions of survival" they illuminate. See also4. 7.¹ 2. 136 ¹Morse, Jonathan. Word by Word: 7he Language ofMemory. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1990.LC 89-23931. ISBN 0-8014-2383-X.The Holocaust is the central event in the historyof language in the twentieth century, because one ofits intended effects was the destruction of all memoryof itself. This goal was partially achieved since survivorsand others have had to use language that can neverreplicate the totality of the experience.¹ 2. 137 ¹Rosenfeld, Alvin H. A Double Dying: Reflections onHolocaustLiterature. Bloomington: IndianaUniversityPress, 1980. LC 79-3006. ISBN 0-253-13337-8.Rosenfeld argues that the literature of atrocityshould be read on moral as well as artistic grounds.Using this perspective, he finds the literatureof Wiesel,Levi, and Borowski, for example, to be effective whileStyron's Sophie's Choice he finds inauthentic.¹ 2. 138 ¹Young, James E. Writing andRewriting the Holocaust.Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988. LC 87-35791. ISBN 0-253-36716-6.Young examines how historical memory andunderstanding are created in Holocaust diaries, memoirs,fiction, poetry, drama, films, video testimony,and memorials. He is one of the first to critique howHolocaust memory is constructed and performed invideo testimonies and memorial sites.* 2. 139 ¹RELIGIOUS IMPLICATIONSBerkovits, Eliezer. Faith after the Holocaust. NewYork: Ktav, 1973. LC 72-6256.An Orthodox Jewish theologian interprets theHolocaust using classical rabbinic categories. Heconcludes that Christianity and Western civilization,not God, are responsible for the Holocaust. He arguesfor the theological necessity of the State of Israel.* 2. 140 ¹Berkovits, Eliezer. With God in Hell: Judaism in theGhetto and Deathcamps. Rockaway Beach, NY:Hebrew Publishing Co. , 1979. ISBN 0-88482-937-5.Berkovitz examines the behavior of religious Jewsduring the Holocaust and argues for the resiliency ofthe pious and the authentic and against complicity. Helooks at the depths of their faith even in extremity.¹ 2. 141 ¹Cargas, Harry James. Shadows of Auschwitz: AChristian Response to the Holocaust. New York:Crossroad, 1990. ISBN 0-8245-1030-5.Cargas, a major contemporary Christian thinker,reflects on what the Holocaust means for ChristiansThe Holocaust 43