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es: People in the Machines of Death, " Elliot examines that for any reason can find no viable role in the societya number of cases, including "The European Soldierin the First World War, " in which it is domiciled. Because such people can"The Russians in the TwentiethCentury, " "China in the Twentieth Century, " expect none of the normal rewards of society, govern-"TheJews of Europe, " ments tend to regard them as potential sources of"The Rest of the Second WorldWar, " and "Other Twentieth Century Conflicts. " disorder and have often attempted to control them orInBook Two, titled, "Analyses: Parts of the Machine, " to remove them from the mainstream of societyaltogether. " (p. l) Rubenstein examines several casehe explores how ideology, technology, and other factors studies, including the Irish Potato Famine, the Holohavecontributed to the shocking death tolls. The book caust, and the genocide in Cambodia in order toends with a detailed statistical appendix in which the explicate his controversial thesis. His concludingauthor documents the sources for his figures and chapter, titled "Is There a Way Out?," advocatesassumptions. For a useful review of Elliot's book which fundamental changes in social values and economiccriticizes its flaws while acknowledging its contribu- arrangements.tions, see Victor Marshall, "Notes on a New Necrology." Omega 4, no. 4 (1973): 267-273.+ 7. 7a +Rummel, R. J. Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocide and0744Mass Murder since 1917. New Brunswick, NJ, andLeviton, Daniel, ed. Horrendous Death, Health, and London: Transaction Books, 1990. LC 89-28836. ISBNWell-Being. New York: Hemisphere Publishing Corp, 0-88738-333-5.1991. LC 90-4652. ISBN 1-56032-033-8.Leviton's collection makes an important contribu- ~ 7. 7b ~tion to the recognition and understanding of the Rummel, R. J. China 's Bloody Century: Genocide andproblem of collective violence. It contains excellent Mass Murder since 1900. New Brunswick, NJ, andarticles on homicide, genocide, terrorism, war, destruc- London: Transaction Books, 1991. ISBN 0-88738-417-tion of the enviroment, poverty and unemployment, X.hunger, and the threat of nuclear war.In these two volumes in a projected three-volumeseries on governmental mass killing during the twenti-4750eth century, Rummel uses the concept of "democide"Rhodes, Richard. "Man-Made Death: A NeglectedMortality. " to refer to cases where governments deliberatelyJournal of the American Medical Associa- slaughter masses of civilians. He concludes that "Suchtion 260 (1988): 686-687.democide has been far more prevalent than people haveIn this succinct article, Rhodes makes a persuasive believed, even several times greater than the numbercase for allocating more resources to the understanding, killed in all of this century's wars. " (p. ix) Anotherand prevention, of man-made death. Citing Gil Ell iot's important conclusion is that democracies are much lesspioneering work [7. 3], as well as recent statistical likely to engage in democide and related froms of massanalyses of the deathtolls of modern war, the author killing than are totalitarian governments.concludes that "The scale of public man-made deathin modern times is comparable with the scale of deathin former times from epidemic disease. " 78(p. 686) Stohl, Michael, and George A. Lopez, eds. GovernmentRhodes suggests that the public health movement that Violence and Repression: An Agenda for Research.dramatically reduced the toll of epidemic disease may New York: Greenwood Press, 1986. LC 85-24741.provide an analogue, or model, for efforts to bring IS BN 0-313-24651-3.man-made death under rational control.The contributors to this important study ofgovernmental violence argue that terrorism is practiced+ 7. 6 ~not only by non-governmental groups, but also byRubenstein, Richard L. The Age of Triage: Fear and governments. Thus, Barbara Harff, in "Genocide asHope in an Overcrowded World. Boston: Beacon Press, State Terror, " argues that "genocide is the most1983. LC 82-9407. ISBN 0-8070-4376-1.extreme policy option available to policymakers bentIn an important, provocative, and disturbingstudy on state terror, and is likely to be used to eliminateof govermental mass killing, Rubenstein argues that opposition groups. " (p. 183) Equally provocative arean important underlying motive for oppression and George Lopez's chapter on "National Security Ideologygenocidal violence is the elimination of "surplus as an Impetus to State Violence and State Terror" and"populations, which are increasing in numbers and Ted Gurr's chapter on "The Political Origins of Statesignificance in recent decades of the twentieth century. Violence and Terror: A Theoretical Analysis. "According to the author, "A surplus population is one132 GENOCIDE
0790Westing, Arthur H. , ed. Environmental Warfare: ATechnical, Legal, and Policy Appraisal. New York:Taylor and Francis, 1984. LC 84-8895. ISBN 0-85066-278-8.The ancient practice of deliberately destroying the"enemy's" habitat has become vastly more harmful dueto modern technology. For a focused case study ofenvironmental warfare as a form of governmental masskillingsee Weisberg, Barry. Ecocidein Indochina: TheEcology of War. San Francisco: Canfield Press, 1970.Genocide~ 7. 10 ~Chalk, Frank, and Kurt Jonassohn. The History andSociology of Genocide. New Haven: Yale UniversityPress, 1990. LC 89-2738. ISBN 0-300-04445-3 pa.Part I of Chalk and Jonassohn presents theconceptual framework and includes a detailed discussionof the concept of genocide, a review of scholarlyliterature on genocide, the authors' own definition andtypology of genocide, and a brief historical survey ofgenocides from antiquity through the twentiethcentury. Part II features succinct case studies ofgenocides, ranging from the Roman destruction ofCarthage in 176 B. C. to the Turkish-Armenian genocide;the U. S. S. R. under Stalin; the Holocaust; andpost-World War II genocides in Indonesia, Burundi,Bangladesh, Cambodia, East Timor, and the Amazonjungles of South America. Of particular note are thereadings on the slaughter of Indians in North America.Part III consists of non-annotated bibliographies onconceptual and background issues as well as each ofthe case studies examined in Part II. This book canserve as a core text for courses on the genocide.~ 7. 11 ~Charny, Israel W. , ed. Toward the Understanding andPrevention of Genocide. Boulder, CO: Westview Press,1984. LC 84-15241. ISBN 0-86531-843-3.Comprising a selection of papers that werepresented at the International Conference on theHolocaust and Genocide in Israel in 1982, the bookis divided into five parts. Part I, "Scenarios of GenocidePast and Future, " features two important articles:Helen Fein's "Scenarios of Genocide: Models ofGenocide and Critical Responses" and Leo Kuper's"Types of Genocide and Mass Murder. " Part II includesa number of case studies, including Pol Pot's Cambodia,the Soviet Gulag, the Armenian genocide, theHolocaust, and genocidal killings in Tibet. Part IIIfocuses on "Dynamics of Genocide"; Part IV on "Arts,Religion, and Education"; and Part V on "Toward"Intervention and Prevention.+ 7. 12 +Charny, Israel W. , ed. Genocide: A Critical BibliographicReview. London: Mansell and New York: Factson File, 1988. ISBN 0-7201-186-X (Mansell).Charny has compiled a vital contribution toresearch and education about genocide and genocidalkilling. Scholars from a wide range of disciplines havewritten the thirteen critical reviews and accompanyingbibliographies. Their topics include the psychology ofgenocidal killing; specific genocides, the Holocaust,the Armenian genocide, genocide in the U. S. S. R, theCambodian genocide, and other selected cases; andphilosophical aspects of mass killing.* 7. 13 ~Charny, Israel W. , ed. Genocide: A Critical BibliographicReviewV. II. London: Mansell and New York:Facts on File, 1991. ISBN 0-7201-2053-5 (Mansell).The second volume contains critical reviews andannotated bibliographies on subjects not covered in thefirst. There is a special section on denial of the Holocaustand the Armenian genocide that includes aremarkable article by Vahakn Dadrian, "Documentationof Armenian Genocide in Turkish Sources, " as wellas sections on "Law and Genocide" and "Educatingabout the Holocaust and Genocide. " Another sectioncontains articles on a comparative analysis of genocide,war, and the preparations for nuclear omnicide; the roleof professions and professionals in genocidal killing.Other topics are the memorialization of the Holocaust;first person accounts of genocide; contributions ofrescuers in the Holocaust; and the role of language ingenocide.~ 7. 14 ~Churchill, Ward. "Genocide: Toward a FunctionalDefinition. " Alternatives 11 (1986): 403-430.In this helpful review of earlier attempts to definegenocide, Churchill states, "While it can be said withvirtual certainty that genocide today exists on a widespreadand possibly growing basis, it cannot be correspondinglycontended that the phenomenon is understood." (p. 403) As contributions toward such understanding,the author points out how political issuesintrude on the study of genocide, offers useful reflectionson the concept of "cultural genocide, " andproposes his own typology of genocide.* 7. 15 *Dadrian, Vahakn N. "A Typology of Genocide. "International Review of Modern Sociology 5, no. 2(1975): 201-212.Genocide and Modern War 133
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GenocldeIn OurTlme- ,*"f* *An Annot
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DEDICATIONTo Raphael Lemkin(1901-19
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Chapter 5:The Armenian Genocide: Re
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Appendix 167Appendix: Chronology of
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ending sources of joy and hope. In
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Massive human suffering caused by p
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world without any reification and u
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CIIAPTER IETHNOCIDEby Alison Palmer
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als are tempted away by the promise
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Interactionsof Ethnocide and Genoci
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Chapter 1: AnnotatedBibliographyRea
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the inevitable extinction of tribal
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upon the purge of cultural and scie
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traditional ethnic and socio-cultur
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whites. Lizot proposes that integra
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¹ 1. 53 ¹Olson, James S. , and Ra
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tion of indigenes into state politi
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as a potential irredentist national
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serious questions about the notion
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ate and beleaguered institutions th
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In one of the most important works
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focusing on children, the most vuln
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~ 2. 35 ~Sereny, Gita. Into That Da
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were less than 200 Jewish survivors
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~ 2. 68 ~Nomberg-Przytyk, Sara. Aus
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of the war. The movement was known
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~ 2. 103 ~Wyman, David S. The Aband
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* 2. 122 ~Wiesenthal, Simon. The Su
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and Christianity. He argues that it
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Chapter 3THE ISSUE OF THE HOLOCAUST
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if we are to escape the mystificati
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outside the normal dimensions of ou
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historical event. All transformatio
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32. For an excellent understanding
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3 7Berenbaum, Michael. "The Uniquen
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Holocaust, a meaning with which we
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the Nazi exterminating drive, a pos
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framework, Marrus accepts the Holoc
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as "the cement of Jewish identity,
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'cry and you cry alone. ' So we kep
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of the body, combined with so many
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10. Lawrence Langer, Versions of Su
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~ 4. 10 ~Sichrovsky, Peter. Born Gu
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Appendix: The Diaryby Agi Rubinwith
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ella story. We could have eaten all
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Page 184 and 185: TITLE INDEXThe Abandonment of the J
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When Memory ComesWhile Six Million
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