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campaigns and utilize military forces in the killingprocess. " (p. 118)* 7. 104 *Markusen, Eric. "Genocide, Total War, and NuclearOmnicide. " In Genocide: A Critical BibliographicReview, V. Il. Ed. by Israel W. Charny. London:Mansell and New York: Facts on File, 1991. ISBN 0-7201-2053-5 (Mansell).Includes a discussion of genocide, total war, andthe capacity for nuclear war as national securitypolicies, as well as an analysis of organizational loyaltyas an important psychosocial facilitating factor inseveral types of governmental mass killing.~ 7. 105 *Markusen, Eric, and David Kopf. The Holocaust andStrategic Bombing: Genocide and Total War in theTwentieth Century. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Forthcoming.The authors make a comparative analysis ofgenocide and war as two forms of state-sanctioned masskilling that focuses on the Holocaust as an exemplarycase of genocide and the British and American strategicbombing campaigns of World War II as an exemplarycase of total war. They analyze the two cases in termsof a conceptual framework of psychological, organizational,and technological facilitating factors, and thenapply the framework to the nuclear arms race. Finally,they examine the implications of the study for othertwentieth century wars and genocides.* 7. 106 ~Mason, Henry L. "Imponderables of the Holocaust. "World Politics 34, no. 3 (1981): 90-113.* 7. 107 *Mason, Henry L. "The Fate of the Earth and the Fateof the Jews: Responses to Holocaust. " Unpublishedmanuscript. 124p. 1986.* 7. 108 *Mason, Henry L. "Implementing the Final Solution:"The Ordinary Regulating of the Extraordinary. WorldPolitics 40, no. 4 (1988): 543-569.All three of these works contribute importantinsights not only to the understanding of the Holocaust,butof genocide and other forms of mass killingas well,particularly with respect to ideological and institutionalaspects. The 1986 monograph is a comparative analysisof the Holocaust and the capacity for nuclear omnicide.Mason is a Professor in the Department of PoliticalScience at Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana70118.* 7. 109 ~Merton, Robert K. "Bureaucratic Structure and Personality." In Social Theory and Social Structure. Ed. byRobert K. Merton. New York: The Free Press, 1957.LC 56-10581.Merton's is a concise, classic analysis of the natureof bureaucracy and the multiple effects of bureaucracieson individuals working within them. Of particularrelevance are his discussions of "trained incapacities"and "the stress on the depersonalization of relationships."* 7. 110 *Nash, Henry T. "The Bureaucratization of Homicide. "Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 36, no. 4 (1980):22-27.In this very significant article, Nash, a formerintelligence analyst in the Air Targets Division of theU. S. Air Force, explains how the bureaucratic natureof his working environment made it possible "calmlyto plan to incinerate vast numbers of unknown humanbeings without any sense of moral revulsion. " (p. 22)Among factors Nash discusses are the preoccupationwith technique and puzzle-solving at the expense ofmoral-ethical concerns and the use of euphemisticlanguage that mutes the full reality of the work beingdone.* 7. 111 *Opotow, Susan, ed. "Moral Exclusion and Injustice. "Journal of Social Issues 46, no. 1 (1990): 1-99.Among the most noteworthy articles in thisvaluable collection are "Psychological Roots of MoralExclusion, " by Morton Deutsch; "Selective Activationand Disengagement of Moral Control, " by AlbertBandura; and "Moral Exclusion, Personal Goal Theory,"and Extreme Destructiveness, by Evrin Staub.* 7. 112 ~"Peattie, Lisa. "Normalizing the Unthinkable. Bulletinof the Atomic Scientists 40, no. 3 (1984): 32-36.Peattie explicitly compares the Holocaust to thepreparations for nuclear war. She suggests that "Thereappears to be no situation so abnormal, experientially,socially, morally, that human beings, if not totallystunned out of all reactivity, will not at least strive toassimilate it to normal practice. .. " (p. 32) She thenanalyzes how the division of labor in both enterprisescontributed importantly to the process of normalization.* 7. 113 *Sanford, Nevitt, Craig Comstock, and Associates, eds.Sanctions for Evil. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass,1971. LC 79-129769. ISBN 0-87589-077-6.Genocide and Modern War 147